xref: /aosp_15_r20/external/sg3_utils/lib/sg_lib.c (revision 44704f698541f6367e81f991ef8bb54ccbf3fc18)

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2022 Douglas Gilbert.
 * All rights reserved.
 * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 * license that can be found in the BSD_LICENSE file.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

/* NOTICE:
 *    On 5th October 2004 (v1.00) this file name was changed from sg_err.c
 *    to sg_lib.c and the previous GPL was changed to a FreeBSD license.
 *    The intention is to maintain this file and the related sg_lib.h file
 *    as open source and encourage their unencumbered use.
 *
 * CONTRIBUTIONS:
 *    This file started out as a copy of SCSI opcodes, sense keys and
 *    additional sense codes (ASC/ASCQ) kept in the Linux SCSI subsystem
 *    in the kernel source file: drivers/scsi/constant.c . That file
 *    bore this notice: "Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995 Eric Youngdale"
 *    and a GPL notice.
 *
 *    Much of the data in this file is derived from SCSI draft standards
 *    found at https://www.t10.org with the "SCSI Primary Commands-4" (SPC-4)
 *    being the central point of reference.
 *
 *    Contributions:
 *      sense key specific field decoding [Trent Piepho 20031116]
 *
 */

#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L         /* for posix_memalign() */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS 1
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include "sg_lib.h"
#include "sg_lib_data.h"
#include "sg_unaligned.h"
#include "sg_pr2serr.h"

/* sg_lib_version_str (and datestamp) defined in sg_lib_data.c file */

#define ASCQ_ATA_PT_INFO_AVAILABLE 0x1d  /* corresponding ASC is 0 */

typedef unsigned int my_uint;    /* convenience to save a few line wraps */

FILE * sg_warnings_strm = NULL;        /* would like to default to stderr */


int
pr2ws(const char * fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    int n;

    va_start(args, fmt);
    n = vfprintf(sg_warnings_strm ? sg_warnings_strm : stderr, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    return n;
}

/* Want safe, 'n += snprintf(b + n, blen - n, ...)' style sequence of
 * functions. Returns number of chars placed in cp excluding the
 * trailing null char. So for cp_max_len > 0 the return value is always
 * < cp_max_len; for cp_max_len <= 1 the return value is 0 and no chars are
 * written to cp. Note this means that when cp_max_len = 1, this function
 * assumes that cp[0] is the null character and does nothing (and returns
 * 0). Linux kernel has a similar function called  scnprintf(). Public
 * declaration in sg_pr2serr.h header  */
int
sg_scnpr(char * cp, int cp_max_len, const char * fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    int n;

    if (cp_max_len < 2)
        return 0;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    n = vsnprintf(cp, cp_max_len, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    return (n < cp_max_len) ? n : (cp_max_len - 1);
}

/* Simple ASCII printable (does not use locale), includes space and excludes
 * DEL (0x7f). */
static inline int
my_isprint(int ch)
{
    return ((ch >= ' ') && (ch < 0x7f));
}

/* DSENSE is 'descriptor sense' as opposed to the older 'fixed sense'.
 * Only (currently) used in SNTL. */
bool
sg_get_initial_dsense(void)
{
    int k;
    const char * cp;

    cp = getenv("SG3_UTILS_DSENSE");
    if (cp) {
        if (1 == sscanf(cp, "%d", &k))
            return k ? true : false;
    }
    return false;
}

/* Searches 'arr' for match on 'value' then 'peri_type'. If matches
   'value' but not 'peri_type' then yields first 'value' match entry.
   Last element of 'arr' has NULL 'name'. If no match returns NULL. */
static const struct sg_lib_value_name_t *
get_value_name(const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * arr, int value,
               int peri_type)
{
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vp = arr;
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * holdp;

    if (peri_type < 0)
        peri_type = 0;
    for (; vp->name; ++vp) {
        if (value == vp->value) {
            if (sg_pdt_s_eq(peri_type, vp->peri_dev_type))
                return vp;
            holdp = vp;
            while ((vp + 1)->name && (value == (vp + 1)->value)) {
                ++vp;
                if (sg_pdt_s_eq(peri_type, vp->peri_dev_type))
                    return vp;
            }
            return holdp;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* If this function is not called, sg_warnings_strm will be NULL and all users
 * (mainly fprintf() ) need to check and substitute stderr as required */
void
sg_set_warnings_strm(FILE * warnings_strm)
{
    sg_warnings_strm = warnings_strm;
}

/* Take care to minimize printf() parsing delays when printing commands */
static char bin2hexascii[] = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
                              '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};


/* Given a SCSI command pointed to by cdbp of sz bytes this function forms
 * a SCSI command in ASCII surrounded by square brackets in 'b'. 'b' is at
 * least blen bytes long. If cmd_name is true then the command is prefixed
 * by its SCSI command name (e.g.  "VERIFY(10) [2f ...]". The command is
 * shown as spaced separated pairs of hexadecimal digits (i.e. 0-9, a-f).
 * Each pair represents byte. The leftmost pair of digits is cdbp[0] . If
 * sz <= 0 then this function tries to guess the length of the command. */
char *
sg_get_command_str(const uint8_t * cdbp, int sz, bool cmd_name, int blen,
                   char * b)
{
    int k, j, jj;

    if ((cdbp == NULL) || (b == NULL) || (blen < 1))
        return b;
    if (cmd_name && (blen > 16)) {
        sg_get_command_name(cdbp, 0, blen, b);
        j = (int)strlen(b);
        if (j < (blen - 1))
            b[j++] = ' ';
    } else
        j = 0;
    if (j >= blen)
        goto fini;
    b[j++] = '[';
    if (j >= blen)
        goto fini;
    if (sz <= 0) {
        if (SG_VARIABLE_LENGTH_CMD == cdbp[0])
            sz = cdbp[7] + 8;
        else
            sz = sg_get_command_size(cdbp[0]);
    }
    jj = j;
    for (k = 0; (k < sz) && (j < (blen - 3)); ++k, j += 3, ++cdbp) {
        b[j] = bin2hexascii[(*cdbp >> 4) & 0xf];
        b[j + 1] = bin2hexascii[*cdbp & 0xf];
        b[j + 2] = ' ';
    }
    if (j > jj)
        --j;    /* don't want trailing space before ']' */
    if (j >= blen)
        goto fini;
    b[j++] = ']';
fini:
    if (j >= blen)
        b[blen - 1] = '\0';     /* truncated string */
    else
        b[j] = '\0';
    return b;
}

#define CMD_NAME_LEN 128

void
sg_print_command_len(const uint8_t * cdbp, int sz)
{
    char buff[CMD_NAME_LEN];

    sg_get_command_str(cdbp, sz, true, sizeof(buff), buff);
    pr2ws("%s\n", buff);
}

void
sg_print_command(const uint8_t * cdbp)
{
    sg_print_command_len(cdbp, 0);
}

bool
sg_scsi_status_is_good(int sstatus)
{
    sstatus &= 0xfe;
    switch (sstatus) {
    case SAM_STAT_GOOD:
    case SAM_STAT_CONDITION_MET:
        return true;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

bool
sg_scsi_status_is_bad(int sstatus)
{
    sstatus &= 0xfe;
    switch (sstatus) {
    case SAM_STAT_GOOD:
    case SAM_STAT_CONDITION_MET:
        return false;
    default:
        return true;
    }
}

void
sg_get_scsi_status_str(int scsi_status, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    const struct sg_lib_simple_value_name_t * sstatus_p;

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return;
    else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return;
    }
    scsi_status &= 0x7e; /* sanitize as much as possible */
    for (sstatus_p = sg_lib_sstatus_str_arr; sstatus_p->name; ++sstatus_p) {
        if (scsi_status == sstatus_p->value)
            break;
    }
    if (sstatus_p->name)
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sstatus_p->name);
    else
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Unknown status [0x%x]", scsi_status);
}

void
sg_print_scsi_status(int scsi_status)
{
    char buff[128];

    sg_get_scsi_status_str(scsi_status, sizeof(buff) - 1, buff);
    buff[sizeof(buff) - 1] = '\0';
    pr2ws("%s ", buff);
}

/* Get sense key from sense buffer. If successful returns a sense key value
 * between 0 and 15. If sense buffer cannot be decode, returns -1 . */
int
sg_get_sense_key(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len)
{
    if ((NULL == sbp) || (sb_len < 2))
        return -1;
    switch (sbp[0] & 0x7f) {
    case 0x70:
    case 0x71:
        return (sb_len < 3) ? -1 : (sbp[2] & 0xf);
    case 0x72:
    case 0x73:
        return sbp[1] & 0xf;
    default:
        return -1;
    }
}

/* Yield string associated with sense_key value. Returns 'buff'. */
char *
sg_get_sense_key_str(int sense_key, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return buff;
    }
    if ((sense_key >= 0) && (sense_key < 16))
         sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_lib_sense_key_desc[sense_key]);
    else
         sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "invalid value: 0x%x", sense_key);
    return buff;
}

/* Yield string associated with ASC/ASCQ values. Returns 'buff'. */
char *
sg_get_additional_sense_str(int asc, int ascq, bool add_sense_leadin,
                            int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    int k, num, rlen;
    bool found = false;

    if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return buff;
    }
    for (k = 0; sg_lib_asc_ascq_range[k].text; ++k) {
        struct sg_lib_asc_ascq_range_t * ei2p = &sg_lib_asc_ascq_range[k];

        if ((ei2p->asc == asc) &&
            (ascq >= ei2p->ascq_min)  &&
            (ascq <= ei2p->ascq_max)) {
            found = true;
            if (add_sense_leadin)
                num = sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Additional sense: ");
            else
                num = 0;
            rlen = buff_len - num;
            sg_scnpr(buff + num, ((rlen > 0) ? rlen : 0), ei2p->text, ascq);
        }
    }
    if (found)
        return buff;

    for (k = 0; sg_lib_asc_ascq[k].text; ++k) {
        struct sg_lib_asc_ascq_t * eip = &sg_lib_asc_ascq[k];

        if (eip->asc == asc &&
            eip->ascq == ascq) {
            found = true;
            if (add_sense_leadin)
                sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Additional sense: %s", eip->text);
            else
                sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", eip->text);
        }
    }
    if (! found) {
        if (asc >= 0x80)
            sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "vendor specific ASC=%02x, ASCQ=%02x "
                     "(hex)", asc, ascq);
        else if (ascq >= 0x80)
            sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "ASC=%02x, vendor specific qualification "
                     "ASCQ=%02x (hex)", asc, ascq);
        else
            sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "ASC=%02x, ASCQ=%02x (hex)", asc, ascq);
    }
    return buff;
}

/* Yield string associated with ASC/ASCQ values. Returns 'buff'. */
char *
sg_get_asc_ascq_str(int asc, int ascq, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    return sg_get_additional_sense_str(asc, ascq, true, buff_len, buff);
}

/* Attempt to find the first SCSI sense data descriptor that matches the
 * given 'desc_type'. If found return pointer to start of sense data
 * descriptor; otherwise (including fixed format sense data) returns NULL. */
const uint8_t *
sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                        int desc_type)
{
    int add_sb_len, desc_len, k;
    const uint8_t * descp;

    if ((sb_len < 8) || (0 == (add_sb_len = sbp[7])))
        return NULL;
    if ((sbp[0] < 0x72) || (sbp[0] > 0x73))
        return NULL;
    add_sb_len = (add_sb_len < (sb_len - 8)) ?  add_sb_len : (sb_len - 8);
    descp = &sbp[8];
    for (desc_len = 0, k = 0; k < add_sb_len; k += desc_len) {
        int add_d_len;

        descp += desc_len;
        add_d_len = (k < (add_sb_len - 1)) ? descp[1]: -1;
        desc_len = add_d_len + 2;
        if (descp[0] == desc_type)
            return descp;
        if (add_d_len < 0) /* short descriptor ?? */
            break;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Returns true if valid bit set, false if valid bit clear. Irrespective the
 * information field is written out via 'info_outp' (except when it is
 * NULL). Handles both fixed and descriptor sense formats. */
bool
sg_get_sense_info_fld(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                      uint64_t * info_outp)
{
    const uint8_t * bp;

    if (info_outp)
        *info_outp = 0;
    if (sb_len < 7)
        return false;
    switch (sbp[0] & 0x7f) {
    case 0x70:
    case 0x71:
        if (info_outp)
            *info_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be32(sbp + 3);
        return !!(sbp[0] & 0x80);
    case 0x72:
    case 0x73:
        bp = sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(sbp, sb_len, 0 /* info desc */);
        if (bp && (0xa == bp[1])) {
            uint64_t ull = sg_get_unaligned_be64(bp + 4);

            if (info_outp)
                *info_outp = ull;
            return !!(bp[2] & 0x80);   /* since spc3r23 should be set */
        } else
            return false;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

/* Returns true if fixed format or command specific information descriptor
 * is found in the descriptor sense; else false. If available the command
 * specific information field (4 byte integer in fixed format, 8 byte
 * integer in descriptor format) is written out via 'cmd_spec_outp'.
 * Handles both fixed and descriptor sense formats. */
bool
sg_get_sense_cmd_spec_fld(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                          uint64_t * cmd_spec_outp)
{
    const uint8_t * bp;

    if (cmd_spec_outp)
        *cmd_spec_outp = 0;
    if (sb_len < 7)
        return false;
    switch (sbp[0] & 0x7f) {
    case 0x70:
    case 0x71:
        if (cmd_spec_outp)
            *cmd_spec_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be32(sbp + 8);
        return true;
    case 0x72:
    case 0x73:
        bp = sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(sbp, sb_len,
                                     1 /* command specific info desc */);
        if (bp && (0xa == bp[1])) {
            if (cmd_spec_outp)
                *cmd_spec_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be64(bp + 4);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

/* Returns true if any of the 3 bits (i.e. FILEMARK, EOM or ILI) are set.
 * In descriptor format if the stream commands descriptor not found
 * then returns false. Writes true or false corresponding to these bits to
 * the last three arguments if they are non-NULL. */
bool
sg_get_sense_filemark_eom_ili(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                              bool * filemark_p, bool * eom_p, bool * ili_p)
{
    const uint8_t * bp;

    if (sb_len < 7)
        return false;
    switch (sbp[0] & 0x7f) {
    case 0x70:
    case 0x71:
        if (sbp[2] & 0xe0) {
            if (filemark_p)
                *filemark_p = !!(sbp[2] & 0x80);
            if (eom_p)
                *eom_p = !!(sbp[2] & 0x40);
            if (ili_p)
                *ili_p = !!(sbp[2] & 0x20);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    case 0x72:
    case 0x73:
       /* Look for stream commands sense data descriptor */
        bp = sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(sbp, sb_len, 4);
        if (bp && (bp[1] >= 2)) {
            if (bp[3] & 0xe0) {
                if (filemark_p)
                    *filemark_p = !!(bp[3] & 0x80);
                if (eom_p)
                    *eom_p = !!(bp[3] & 0x40);
                if (ili_p)
                    *ili_p = !!(bp[3] & 0x20);
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

/* Returns true if SKSV is set and sense key is NO_SENSE or NOT_READY. Also
 * returns true if progress indication sense data descriptor found. Places
 * progress field from sense data where progress_outp points. If progress
 * field is not available returns false and *progress_outp is unaltered.
 * Handles both fixed and descriptor sense formats.
 * Hint: if true is returned *progress_outp may be multiplied by 100 then
 * divided by 65536 to get the percentage completion. */
bool
sg_get_sense_progress_fld(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                          int * progress_outp)
{
    const uint8_t * bp;
    int sk, sk_pr;

    if (sb_len < 7)
        return false;
    switch (sbp[0] & 0x7f) {
    case 0x70:
    case 0x71:
        sk = (sbp[2] & 0xf);
        if ((sb_len < 18) ||
            ((SPC_SK_NO_SENSE != sk) && (SPC_SK_NOT_READY != sk)))
            return false;
        if (sbp[15] & 0x80) {        /* SKSV bit set */
            if (progress_outp)
                *progress_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be16(sbp + 16);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    case 0x72:
    case 0x73:
        /* sense key specific progress (0x2) or progress descriptor (0xa) */
        sk = (sbp[1] & 0xf);
        sk_pr = (SPC_SK_NO_SENSE == sk) || (SPC_SK_NOT_READY == sk);
        if (sk_pr && ((bp = sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(sbp, sb_len, 2))) &&
            (0x6 == bp[1]) && (0x80 & bp[4])) {
            if (progress_outp)
                *progress_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 5);
            return true;
        } else if (((bp = sg_scsi_sense_desc_find(sbp, sb_len, 0xa))) &&
                   ((0x6 == bp[1]))) {
            if (progress_outp)
                *progress_outp = sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 6);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}

char *
sg_get_pdt_str(int pdt, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    if ((pdt < 0) || (pdt > PDT_MAX))
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "bad pdt");
    else
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_lib_pdt_strs[pdt]);
    return buff;
}

/* Returns true if left argument is "equal" to the right argument. l_pdt_s
 * is a compound PDT (SCSI Peripheral Device Type) or a negative number
 * which represents a wildcard (i.e. match anything). r_pdt_s has a similar
 * form. PDT values are 5 bits long (0 to 31) and a compound pdt_s is
 * formed by shifting the second (upper) PDT by eight bits to the left and
 * OR-ing it with the first PDT. The pdt_s values must be defined so
 * PDT_DISK (0) is _not_ the upper value in a compound pdt_s. */
bool
sg_pdt_s_eq(int l_pdt_s, int r_pdt_s)
{
    bool upper_l = !!(l_pdt_s & PDT_UPPER_MASK);
    bool upper_r = !!(r_pdt_s & PDT_UPPER_MASK);

    if ((l_pdt_s < 0) || (r_pdt_s < 0))
        return true;
    if (!upper_l && !upper_r)
        return l_pdt_s == r_pdt_s;
    else if (upper_l && upper_r)
        return (((PDT_UPPER_MASK & l_pdt_s) == (PDT_UPPER_MASK & r_pdt_s)) ||
                ((PDT_LOWER_MASK & l_pdt_s) == (PDT_LOWER_MASK & r_pdt_s)));
    else if (upper_l)
        return (((PDT_LOWER_MASK & l_pdt_s) == r_pdt_s) ||
                ((PDT_UPPER_MASK & l_pdt_s) >> 8) == r_pdt_s);
    return (((PDT_LOWER_MASK & r_pdt_s) == l_pdt_s) ||
            ((PDT_UPPER_MASK & r_pdt_s) >> 8) == l_pdt_s);
}

int
sg_lib_pdt_decay(int pdt)
{
    if ((pdt < 0) || (pdt > PDT_MAX))
        return 0;
    return sg_lib_pdt_decay_arr[pdt];
}

char *
sg_get_trans_proto_str(int tpi, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    if ((tpi < 0) || (tpi > 15))
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "bad tpi");
    else
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_lib_transport_proto_strs[tpi]);
    return buff;
}

#define TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN 24

char *
sg_decode_transportid_str(const char * lip, uint8_t * bp, int bplen,
                          bool only_one, int blen, char * b)
{
    int num, k, n;
    uint64_t ull;
    int bump;

    if ((NULL == b) || (blen < 1))
        return b;
    else if (1 == blen) {
        b[0] = '\0';
        return b;
    }
    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    /* bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN; // some old compilers insisted on this */
    for (k = 0, n = 0; bplen > 0; ++k, bp += bump, bplen -= bump) {
        int proto_id, normal_len, tpid_format;

        if ((k > 0) && only_one)
            break;
        if ((bplen < 24) || (0 != (bplen % 4)))
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%sTransport Id short or not "
                          "multiple of 4 [length=%d]:\n", lip, blen);
        else
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%sTransport Id of initiator:\n",
                          lip);
        tpid_format = ((bp[0] >> 6) & 0x3);
        proto_id = (bp[0] & 0xf);
        normal_len = (bplen > TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN) ?
                                TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN : bplen;
        switch (proto_id) {
        case TPROTO_FCP: /* Fibre channel */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  FCP-2 World Wide Name:\n",
                          lip);
            if (0 != tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", lip, tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp + 8, 8, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_SPI:        /* Scsi Parallel Interface, obsolete */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  Parallel SCSI initiator SCSI "
                          "address: 0x%x\n", lip,
                          sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 2));
            if (0 != tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", lip, tpid_format);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  relative port number (of "
                          "corresponding target): 0x%x\n", lip,
                          sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 6));
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_SSA:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  SSA (transport id not "
                          "defined):\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  TPID format: %d\n", lip,
                          tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_1394: /* IEEE 1394 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  IEEE 1394 EUI-64 name:\n",
                          lip);
            if (0 != tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", lip, tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(&bp[8], 8, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_SRP:        /* SCSI over RDMA */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  RDMA initiator port "
                          "identifier:\n", lip);
            if (0 != tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", lip, tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp + 8, 16, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_ISCSI:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  iSCSI ", lip);
            num = sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 2);
            if (0 == tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "name: %.*s\n", num, &bp[4]);
            else if (1 == tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "world wide unique port id: "
                              "%.*s\n", num, &bp[4]);
            else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", tpid_format);
                n += hex2str(bp, num + 4, lip, 0, blen - n, b + n);
            }
            bump = (((num + 4) < TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN) ?
                         TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN : num + 4);
            break;
        case TPROTO_SAS:
            ull = sg_get_unaligned_be64(bp + 4);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  SAS address: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n",
                          lip, ull);
            if (0 != tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", lip, tpid_format);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_ADT:        /* no TransportID defined by T10 yet */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  ADT:\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  TPID format: %d\n", lip,
                          tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_ATA:        /* no TransportID defined by T10 yet */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  ATAPI:\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  TPID format: %d\n", lip,
                          tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_UAS:        /* no TransportID defined by T10 yet */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  UAS:\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  TPID format: %d\n", lip,
                          tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_SOP:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  SOP ", lip);
            num = sg_get_unaligned_be16(bp + 2);
            if (0 == tpid_format)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Routing ID: 0x%x\n", num);
            else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "  [Unexpected TPID format: "
                              "%d]\n", tpid_format);
                n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            }
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_PCIE:       /* no TransportID defined by T10 yet */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  PCIE:\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  TPID format: %d\n", lip,
                          tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        case TPROTO_NONE:       /* no TransportID defined by T10 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  No specified protocol\n",
                          lip);
            /* n += hex2str(bp, ((bplen > 24) ? 24 : bplen),
             *                 lip, 0, blen - n, b + n); */
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        default:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  unknown protocol id=0x%x  "
                          "TPID format=%d\n", lip, proto_id, tpid_format);
            n += hex2str(bp, normal_len, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            bump = TRANSPORT_ID_MIN_LEN;
            break;
        }
    }
    return b;
}


static const char * desig_code_set_str_arr[] =
{
    "Reserved [0x0]",
    "Binary",
    "ASCII",
    "UTF-8",
    "Reserved [0x4]", "Reserved [0x5]", "Reserved [0x6]", "Reserved [0x7]",
    "Reserved [0x8]", "Reserved [0x9]", "Reserved [0xa]", "Reserved [0xb]",
    "Reserved [0xc]", "Reserved [0xd]", "Reserved [0xe]", "Reserved [0xf]",
};

const char *
sg_get_desig_code_set_str(int val)
{
    if ((val >= 0) && (val < (int)SG_ARRAY_SIZE(desig_code_set_str_arr)))
        return desig_code_set_str_arr[val];
    else
        return NULL;
}

static const char * desig_assoc_str_arr[] =
{
    "Addressed logical unit",
    "Target port",      /* that received request; unless SCSI ports VPD */
    "Target device that contains addressed lu",
    "Reserved [0x3]",
};

const char *
sg_get_desig_assoc_str(int val)
{
    if ((val >= 0) && (val < (int)SG_ARRAY_SIZE(desig_assoc_str_arr)))
        return desig_assoc_str_arr[val];
    else
        return NULL;
}

static const char * desig_type_str_arr[] =
{
    "Vendor specific [0x0]",
    "T10 vendor identification",
    "EUI-64 based",
    "NAA",
    "Relative target port",
    "Target port group",        /* spc4r09: _primary_ target port group */
    "Logical unit group",
    "MD5 logical unit identifier",
    "SCSI name string",
    "Protocol specific port identifier",        /* spc4r36 */
    "UUID identifier",          /* spc5r08 */
    "Reserved [0xb]",
    "Reserved [0xc]", "Reserved [0xd]", "Reserved [0xe]", "Reserved [0xf]",
};

const char *
sg_get_desig_type_str(int val)
{
    if ((val >= 0) && (val < (int)SG_ARRAY_SIZE(desig_type_str_arr)))
        return desig_type_str_arr[val];
    else
        return NULL;
}

char *
sg_get_zone_type_str(uint8_t zt, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return NULL;
    switch (zt) {
    case 1:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "conventional");
        break;
    case 2:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "sequential write required");
        break;
    case 3:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "sequential write preferred");
        break;
    case 4:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "sequential or before required");
        break;
    case 5:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "gap");
        break;
    default:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "unknown [0x%x]", zt);
        break;
    }
    return buff;
}


/* Expects a T10 UUID designator (as found in the Device Identification VPD
 * page) pointed to by 'dp'. To not produce an error string in 'b', c_set
 * should be 1 (binary) and dlen should be 18. Currently T10 only supports
 * locally assigned UUIDs. Writes output to string 'b' of no more than blen
 * bytes and returns the number of bytes actually written to 'b' but doesn't
 * count the trailing null character it always appends (if blen > 0). 'lip'
 * is lead-in string (on each line) than may be NULL. skip_prefix avoids
 * outputting: '   Locally assigned UUID: ' before the UUID. */
int
sg_t10_uuid_desig2str(const uint8_t *dp, int dlen, int c_set, bool do_long,
                      bool skip_prefix, const char * lip /* lead-in */,
                      int blen, char * b)
{
    int m;
    int n = 0;

    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    if (1 != c_set) {
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                      "code_set >>\n", lip);
        n += hex2str(dp, dlen, lip, 0, blen - n, b + n);
        return n;
    }
    if ((1 != ((dp[0] >> 4) & 0xf)) || (18 != dlen)) {
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected locally "
                      "assigned UUID, 16 bytes long >>\n", lip);
        n += hex2str(dp, dlen, lip, 0, blen - n, b + n);
        return n;
    }
    if (skip_prefix) {
        if (strlen(lip) > 0)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s", lip);
    } else
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Locally assigned UUID: ",
                      lip);
    for (m = 0; m < 16; ++m) {
        if ((4 == m) || (6 == m) || (8 == m) || (10 == m))
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "-");
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)dp[2 + m]);
    }
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
    if (do_long) {
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      [0x", lip);
        for (m = 0; m < 16; ++m)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)dp[2 + m]);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "]\n");
    }
    return n;
}

int
sg_get_designation_descriptor_str(const char * lip, const uint8_t * ddp,
                                  int dd_len, bool print_assoc, bool do_long,
                                  int blen, char * b)
{
    int m, p_id, piv, c_set, assoc, desig_type, ci_off, c_id, d_id, naa;
    int vsi, k, n, dlen;
    uint64_t ccc_id, vsei;
    const uint8_t * ip;
    char e[64];
    const char * cp;

    n = 0;
    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    if (dd_len < 4) {
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%sdesignator desc too short: got "
                      "length of %d want 4 or more\n", lip, dd_len);
        return n;
    }
    dlen = ddp[3];
    if (dlen > (dd_len - 4)) {
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%sdesignator too long: says it is %d "
                      "bytes, but given %d bytes\n", lip, dlen, dd_len - 4);
        return n;
    }
    ip = ddp + 4;
    p_id = ((ddp[0] >> 4) & 0xf);
    c_set = (ddp[0] & 0xf);
    piv = ((ddp[1] & 0x80) ? 1 : 0);
    assoc = ((ddp[1] >> 4) & 0x3);
    desig_type = (ddp[1] & 0xf);
    if (print_assoc && ((cp = sg_get_desig_assoc_str(assoc))))
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  %s:\n", lip, cp);
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    designator type: ", lip);
    cp = sg_get_desig_type_str(desig_type);
    if (cp)
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s", cp);
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, ",  code set: ");
    cp = sg_get_desig_code_set_str(c_set);
    if (cp)
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s", cp);
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
    if (piv && ((1 == assoc) || (2 == assoc)))
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s     transport: %s\n", lip,
                      sg_get_trans_proto_str(p_id, sizeof(e), e));
    switch (desig_type) {
    case 0: /* vendor specific */
        k = 0;
        if ((1 == c_set) || (2 == c_set)) { /* ASCII or UTF-8 */
            for (k = 0; (k < dlen) && my_isprint(ip[k]); ++k)
                ;
            if (k >= dlen)
                k = 1;
        }
        if (k)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor specific: %.*s\n",
                          lip, dlen, ip);
        else {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor specific:\n", lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 0, blen - n, b + n);
        }
        break;
    case 1: /* T10 vendor identification */
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor id: %.8s\n", lip, ip);
        if (dlen > 8) {
            if ((2 == c_set) || (3 == c_set)) { /* ASCII or UTF-8 */
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor specific: "
                              "%.*s\n", lip, dlen - 8, ip + 8);
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor specific: 0x",
                              lip);
                for (m = 8; m < dlen; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            }
        }
        break;
    case 2: /* EUI-64 based */
        if (! do_long) {
            if ((8 != dlen) && (12 != dlen) && (16 != dlen)) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expect 8, 12 and "
                              "16 byte EUI, got %d >>\n", lip, dlen);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      0x", lip);
            for (m = 0; m < dlen; ++m)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            break;
        }
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      EUI-64 based %d byte "
                      "identifier\n", lip, dlen);
        if (1 != c_set) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                          "code_set (1) >>\n", lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        ci_off = 0;
        if (16 == dlen) {       /* first 8 bytes are 'Identifier Extension' */
            uint64_t id_ext = sg_get_unaligned_be64(ip);

            ci_off = 8;
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Identifier extension: 0x%"
                          PRIx64 "\n", lip, id_ext);
        } else if ((8 != dlen) && (12 != dlen)) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << can only decode 8, 12 "
                          "and 16 byte ids >>\n", lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        ccc_id = sg_get_unaligned_be64(ip + ci_off);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      IEEE identifier: 0x%"
                      PRIx64 "\n", lip, ccc_id);
        if (12 == dlen) {
            d_id = sg_get_unaligned_be32(ip + 8);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Directory ID: 0x%x\n",
                          lip, d_id);
        }
        break;
    case 3: /* NAA <n> */
        if (1 != c_set) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected code set "
                          "%d for NAA >>\n", lip, c_set);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        naa = (ip[0] >> 4) & 0xff;
        switch (naa) {
        case 2:         /* NAA 2: IEEE Extended */
            if (8 != dlen) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected NAA 2 "
                              "identifier length: 0x%x >>\n", lip, dlen);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
            d_id = (((ip[0] & 0xf) << 8) | ip[1]);
            c_id = sg_get_unaligned_be24(ip + 2);
            vsi = sg_get_unaligned_be24(ip + 5);
            if (do_long) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      NAA 2, vendor "
                              "specific identifier A: 0x%x\n", lip, d_id);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      AOI: 0x%x\n", lip,
                              c_id);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      vendor specific "
                              "identifier B: 0x%x\n", lip, vsi);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      [0x", lip);
                for (m = 0; m < 8; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "]\n");
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      0x", lip);
            for (m = 0; m < 8; ++m)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            break;
        case 3:         /* NAA 3: Locally assigned */
            if (8 != dlen) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected NAA 3 "
                              "identifier length: 0x%x >>\n", lip, dlen);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
            if (do_long)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      NAA 3, Locally "
                              "assigned:\n", lip);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      0x", lip);
            for (m = 0; m < 8; ++m)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            break;
        case 5:         /* NAA 5: IEEE Registered */
            if (8 != dlen) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected NAA 5 "
                              "identifier length: 0x%x >>\n", lip, dlen);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
            c_id = (((ip[0] & 0xf) << 20) | (ip[1] << 12) |
                    (ip[2] << 4) | ((ip[3] & 0xf0) >> 4));
            vsei = ip[3] & 0xf;
            for (m = 1; m < 5; ++m) {
                vsei <<= 8;
                vsei |= ip[3 + m];
            }
            if (do_long) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      NAA 5, AOI: 0x%x\n",
                              lip, c_id);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Vendor Specific "
                              "Identifier: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", lip, vsei);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      [0x", lip);
                for (m = 0; m < 8; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "]\n");
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      0x", lip);
                for (m = 0; m < 8; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            }
            break;
        case 6:         /* NAA 6: IEEE Registered extended */
            if (16 != dlen) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected NAA 6 "
                              "identifier length: 0x%x >>\n", lip, dlen);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
            c_id = (((ip[0] & 0xf) << 20) | (ip[1] << 12) |
                    (ip[2] << 4) | ((ip[3] & 0xf0) >> 4));
            vsei = ip[3] & 0xf;
            for (m = 1; m < 5; ++m) {
                vsei <<= 8;
                vsei |= ip[3 + m];
            }
            if (do_long) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      NAA 6, AOI: 0x%x\n",
                              lip, c_id);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Vendor Specific "
                              "Identifier: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", lip, vsei);
                vsei = sg_get_unaligned_be64(ip + 8);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Vendor Specific "
                              "Identifier Extension: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", lip,
                              vsei);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      [0x", lip);
                for (m = 0; m < 16; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "]\n");
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      0x", lip);
                for (m = 0; m < 16; ++m)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", (my_uint)ip[m]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            }
            break;
        default:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << unexpected NAA [0x%x] "
                          ">>\n", lip, naa);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        break;
    case 4: /* Relative target port */
        if ((1 != c_set) || (1 != assoc) || (4 != dlen)) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                          "code_set, target port association, length 4 >>\n",
                          lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, "", 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        d_id = sg_get_unaligned_be16(ip + 2);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Relative target port: 0x%x\n",
                      lip, d_id);
        break;
    case 5: /* (primary) Target port group */
        if ((1 != c_set) || (1 != assoc) || (4 != dlen)) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                          "code_set, target port association, length 4 >>\n",
                          lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        d_id = sg_get_unaligned_be16(ip + 2);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Target port group: 0x%x\n",
                      lip, d_id);
        break;
    case 6: /* Logical unit group */
        if ((1 != c_set) || (0 != assoc) || (4 != dlen)) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                          "code_set, logical unit association, length 4 >>\n",
                          lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        d_id = sg_get_unaligned_be16(ip + 2);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      Logical unit group: 0x%x\n",
                      lip, d_id);
        break;
    case 7: /* MD5 logical unit identifier */
        if ((1 != c_set) || (0 != assoc)) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected binary "
                          "code_set, logical unit association >>\n", lip);
            n += hex2str(ip, dlen, "", 1, blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        }
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      MD5 logical unit "
                      "identifier:\n", lip);
        n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
        break;
    case 8: /* SCSI name string */
        if (3 != c_set) {       /* accept ASCII as subset of UTF-8 */
            if (2 == c_set) {
                if (do_long)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected "
                                  "UTF-8, use ASCII >>\n", lip);
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      << expected UTF-8 "
                              "code_set >>\n", lip);
                n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 0, blen - n, b + n);
                break;
            }
        }
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      SCSI name string:\n", lip);
        /* does %s print out UTF-8 ok??
         * Seems to depend on the locale. Looks ok here with my
         * locale setting: en_AU.UTF-8
         */
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      %.*s\n", lip, dlen,
                      (const char *)ip);
        break;
    case 9: /* Protocol specific port identifier */
        /* added in spc4r36, PIV must be set, proto_id indicates */
        /* whether UAS (USB) or SOP (PCIe) or ... */
        if (! piv)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, " %s      >>>> Protocol specific "
                          "port identifier expects protocol\n%s          "
                          "identifier to be valid and it is not\n", lip, lip);
        if (TPROTO_UAS == p_id) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      USB device address: "
                          "0x%x\n", lip, 0x7f & ip[0]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      USB interface number: "
                          "0x%x\n", lip, ip[2]);
        } else if (TPROTO_SOP == p_id) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      PCIe routing ID, bus "
                          "number: 0x%x\n", lip, ip[0]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s          function number: "
                          "0x%x\n", lip, ip[1]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s          [or device number: "
                          "0x%x, function number: 0x%x]\n", lip,
                          (0x1f & (ip[1] >> 3)), 0x7 & ip[1]);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      >>>> unexpected protocol "
                          "identifier: %s\n%s           with Protocol "
                          "specific port identifier\n", lip,
                          sg_get_trans_proto_str(p_id, sizeof(e), e), lip);
        break;
    case 0xa: /* UUID identifier */
        n += sg_t10_uuid_desig2str(ip, dlen, c_set, do_long, false, lip,
                                   blen - n, b + n);
        break;
    default: /* reserved */
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      reserved designator=0x%x\n",
                      lip, desig_type);
        n += hex2str(ip, dlen, lip, 1, blen - n, b + n);
        break;
    }
    return n;
}

static int
decode_sks(const char * lip, const uint8_t * descp, int add_d_len,
           int sense_key, bool * processedp, int blen, char * b)
{
    int progress, pr, rem, n;

    n = 0;
    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    switch (sense_key) {
    case SPC_SK_ILLEGAL_REQUEST:
        if (add_d_len < 6) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Field pointer: ");
            goto too_short;
        }
        /* abbreviate to fit on one line */
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Field pointer:\n");
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s        Error in %s: byte %d", lip,
                      (descp[4] & 0x40) ? "Command" : "Data parameters",
                      sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 5));
        if (descp[4] & 0x08) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, " bit %d\n", descp[4] & 0x07);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
        break;
    case SPC_SK_HARDWARE_ERROR:
    case SPC_SK_MEDIUM_ERROR:
    case SPC_SK_RECOVERED_ERROR:
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Actual retry count: ");
        if (add_d_len < 6)
            goto too_short;
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n,"%u\n",
                      sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 5));
        break;
    case SPC_SK_NO_SENSE:
    case SPC_SK_NOT_READY:
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Progress indication: ");
        if (add_d_len < 6)
            goto too_short;
        progress = sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 5);
        pr = (progress * 100) / 65536;
        rem = ((progress * 100) % 65536) / 656;
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%d.%02d%%\n", pr, rem);
        break;
    case SPC_SK_COPY_ABORTED:
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Segment pointer:\n");
        if (add_d_len < 6)
            goto too_short;
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s        Relative to start of %s, "
                      "byte %d", lip, (descp[4] & 0x20) ?
                         "segment descriptor" : "parameter list",
                      sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 5));
        if (descp[4] & 0x08)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, " bit %d\n", descp[4] & 0x07);
        else
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
        break;
    case SPC_SK_UNIT_ATTENTION:
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Unit attention condition queue:\n");
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s        overflow flag is %d\n", lip,
                      !!(descp[4] & 0x1));
        break;
    default:
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Sense_key: 0x%x unexpected\n",
                      sense_key);
        *processedp = false;
        break;
    }
    return n;

too_short:
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", "   >> descriptor too short");
    *processedp = false;
    return n;
}

#define TPGS_STATE_OPTIMIZED 0x0
#define TPGS_STATE_NONOPTIMIZED 0x1
#define TPGS_STATE_STANDBY 0x2
#define TPGS_STATE_UNAVAILABLE 0x3
#define TPGS_STATE_OFFLINE 0xe
#define TPGS_STATE_TRANSITIONING 0xf

static int
decode_tpgs_state(int st, char * b, int blen)
{
    switch (st) {
    case TPGS_STATE_OPTIMIZED:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "active/optimized");
    case TPGS_STATE_NONOPTIMIZED:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "active/non optimized");
    case TPGS_STATE_STANDBY:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "standby");
    case TPGS_STATE_UNAVAILABLE:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "unavailable");
    case TPGS_STATE_OFFLINE:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "offline");
    case TPGS_STATE_TRANSITIONING:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "transitioning between states");
    default:
        return sg_scnpr(b, blen, "unknown: 0x%x", st);
    }
}

static int
uds_referral_descriptor_str(char * b, int blen, const uint8_t * dp,
                            int alen, const char * lip)
{
    int n = 0;
    int dlen = alen - 2;
    int k, j, g, f;
    const uint8_t * tp;
    char c[40];

    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s   Not all referrals: %d\n", lip,
                  !!(dp[2] & 0x1));
    dp += 4;
    for (k = 0, f = 1; (k + 4) < dlen; k += g, dp += g, ++f) {
        int ntpgd = dp[3];
        uint64_t ull;

        g = (ntpgd * 4) + 20;
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Descriptor %d\n", lip, f);
        if ((k + g) > dlen) {
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      truncated descriptor, "
                          "stop\n", lip);
            return n;
        }
        ull = sg_get_unaligned_be64(dp + 4);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      first uds LBA: 0x%" PRIx64
                      "\n", lip, ull);
        ull = sg_get_unaligned_be64(dp + 12);
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s      last uds LBA:  0x%" PRIx64
                      "\n", lip, ull);
        for (j = 0; j < ntpgd; ++j) {
            tp = dp + 20 + (j * 4);
            decode_tpgs_state(tp[0] & 0xf, c, sizeof(c));
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s        tpg: %d  state: %s\n",
                          lip, sg_get_unaligned_be16(tp + 2), c);
        }
    }
    return n;
}

static const char * dd_usage_reason_str_arr[] = {
    "Unknown",
    "resend this and further commands to:",
    "resend this command to:",
    "new subsidiary lu added to this administrative lu:",
    "administrative lu associated with a preferred binding:",
   };


/* Decode descriptor format sense descriptors (assumes sense buffer is
 * in descriptor format). 'leadin' is string prepended to each line written
 * to 'b', NULL treated as "". Returns the number of bytes written to 'b'
 * excluding the trailing '\0'. If problem, returns 0. */
int
sg_get_sense_descriptors_str(const char * lip, const uint8_t * sbp,
                             int sb_len, int blen, char * b)
{
    int add_sb_len, desc_len, k, j, sense_key;
    int n, progress, pr, rem;
    uint16_t sct_sc;
    bool processed;
    const uint8_t * descp;
    char z[64];
    static const char * dtsp = "   >> descriptor too short";
    static const char * eccp = "Extended copy command";
    static const char * ddp = "destination device";

    if ((NULL == b) || (blen <= 0))
        return 0;
    b[0] = '\0';
    if (lip)
        sg_scnpr(z, sizeof(z), "%.60s  ", lip);
    else
        sg_scnpr(z, sizeof(z), "  ");
    if ((sb_len < 8) || (0 == (add_sb_len = sbp[7])))
        return 0;
    add_sb_len = (add_sb_len < (sb_len - 8)) ? add_sb_len : (sb_len - 8);
    sense_key = (sbp[1] & 0xf);

    for (descp = (sbp + 8), k = 0, n = 0;
         (k < add_sb_len) && (n < blen);
         k += desc_len, descp += desc_len) {
        int add_d_len = (k < (add_sb_len - 1)) ? descp[1] : -1;

        if ((k + add_d_len + 2) > add_sb_len)
            add_d_len = add_sb_len - k - 2;
        desc_len = add_d_len + 2;
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  Descriptor type: ", lip);
        processed = true;
        switch (descp[0]) {
        case 0:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Information: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 10) {
                if (! (0x80 & descp[2]))
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Valid=0 (-> vendor "
                                  "specific) ");
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "0x");
                for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", descp[4 + j]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 1:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Command specific: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 10) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "0x");
                for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", descp[4 + j]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 2:         /* Sense Key Specific */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Sense key specific: ");
            n += decode_sks(lip, descp, add_d_len, sense_key, &processed,
                            blen - n, b + n);
            break;
        case 3:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Field replaceable unit code: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 2)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "0x%x\n", descp[3]);
            else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 4:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Stream commands: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 2) {
                if (descp[3] & 0x80)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "FILEMARK");
                if (descp[3] & 0x40)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "End Of Medium (EOM)");
                if (descp[3] & 0x20)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Incorrect Length "
                                  "Indicator (ILI)");
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 5:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Block commands: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 2)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Incorrect Length Indicator "
                              "(ILI) %s\n",
                              (descp[3] & 0x20) ? "set" : "clear");
            else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 6:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "OSD object identification\n");
            processed = false;
            break;
        case 7:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "OSD response integrity check "
                          "value\n");
            processed = false;
            break;
        case 8:
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "OSD attribute identification\n");
            processed = false;
            break;
        case 9:         /* this is defined in SAT (SAT-2) */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "ATA Status Return: ");
            if (add_d_len >= 12) {
                int extend, count;

                extend = descp[2] & 1;
                count = descp[5] + (extend ? (descp[4] << 8) : 0);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "extend=%d error=0x%x \n%s"
                              "        count=0x%x ", extend, descp[3], lip,
                              count);
                if (extend)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n,
                                  "lba=0x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x ",
                                   descp[10], descp[8], descp[6], descp[11],
                                   descp[9], descp[7]);
                else
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "lba=0x%02x%02x%02x ",
                                  descp[11], descp[9], descp[7]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "device=0x%x status=0x%x\n",
                              descp[12], descp[13]);
            } else {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
            }
            break;
        case 0xa:
           /* Added in SPC-4 rev 17, became 'Another ...' in rev 34 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Another progress indication: ");
            if (add_d_len < 6) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            progress = sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 6);
            pr = (progress * 100) / 65536;
            rem = ((progress * 100) % 65536) / 656;
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%d.02%d%%\n", pr, rem);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s        [sense_key=0x%x "
                          "asc,ascq=0x%x,0x%x]\n", lip, descp[2], descp[3],
                          descp[4]);
            break;
        case 0xb:       /* Added in SPC-4 rev 23, defined in SBC-3 rev 22 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "User data segment referral: ");
            if (add_d_len < 2) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            n += uds_referral_descriptor_str(b + n, blen - n, descp,
                                             add_d_len, lip);
            break;
        case 0xc:       /* Added in SPC-4 rev 28 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Forwarded sense data\n");
            if (add_d_len < 2) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    FSDT: %s\n", lip,
                          (descp[2] & 0x80) ? "set" : "clear");
            j = descp[2] & 0xf;
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Sense data source: ", lip);
            switch (j) {
            case 0:
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s source device\n", eccp);
                break;
            case 1:
            case 2:
            case 3:
            case 4:
            case 5:
            case 6:
            case 7:
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s %s %d\n", eccp, ddp, j - 1);
                break;
            default:
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "unknown [%d]\n", j);
            }
            {
                char c[480];

                sg_get_scsi_status_str(descp[3], sizeof(c) - 1, c);
                c[sizeof(c) - 1] = '\0';
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Forwarded status: %s\n",
                              lip, c);
                if (add_d_len > 2) {
                    /* recursing; hope not to get carried away */
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\n",
                                  lip);
                    sg_get_sense_str(lip, descp + 4, add_d_len - 2, false,
                                     sizeof(c), c);
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s", c);
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n",
                                  lip);
                }
            }
            break;
        case 0xd:       /* Added in SBC-3 rev 36d */
            /* this descriptor combines descriptors 0, 1, 2 and 3 */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Direct-access block device\n");
            if (add_d_len < 28) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            if (0x20 & descp[2])
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    ILI (incorrect length "
                              "indication) set\n", lip);
            if (0x80 & descp[4]) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Sense key specific: ",
                              lip);
                n += decode_sks(lip, descp, add_d_len, sense_key, &processed,
                                blen - n, b + n);
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Field replaceable unit "
                          "code: 0x%x\n", lip, descp[7]);
            if (0x80 & descp[2]) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Information: 0x", lip);
                for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", descp[8 + j]);
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Command specific: 0x", lip);
            for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x", descp[16 + j]);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            break;
        case 0xe:       /* Added in SPC-5 rev 6 (for Bind/Unbind) */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Device designation\n");
            j = (int)SG_ARRAY_SIZE(dd_usage_reason_str_arr);
            if (descp[3] < j)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Usage reason: %s\n",
                              lip, dd_usage_reason_str_arr[descp[3]]);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    Usage reason: "
                              "reserved[%d]\n", lip, descp[3]);
            n += sg_get_designation_descriptor_str(z, descp + 4, descp[1] - 2,
                                                   true, false, blen - n,
                                                   b + n);
            break;
        case 0xf:       /* Added in SPC-5 rev 10 (for Write buffer) */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Microcode activation ");
            if (add_d_len < 6) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            progress = sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 6);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "time: ");
            if (0 == progress)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "unknown\n");
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%d seconds\n", progress);
            break;
        case 0xde:       /* NVME Status Field; vendor (sg3_utils) specific */
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "NVMe Status: ");
            if (add_d_len < 6) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s\n", dtsp);
                processed = false;
                break;
            }
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "DNR=%d, M=%d, ",
                          (int)!!(0x80 & descp[5]), (int)!!(0x40 & descp[5]));
            sct_sc = sg_get_unaligned_be16(descp + 6);
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "SCT_SC=0x%x\n", sct_sc);
            if (sct_sc > 0) {
                char d[80];

                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "    %s\n",
                        sg_get_nvme_cmd_status_str(sct_sc, sizeof(d), d));
            }
            break;
        default:
            if (descp[0] >= 0x80)
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Vendor specific [0x%x]\n",
                              descp[0]);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "Unknown [0x%x]\n", descp[0]);
            processed = false;
            break;
        }
        if (! processed) {
            if (add_d_len > 0) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    ", lip);
                for (j = 0; j < add_d_len; ++j) {
                    if ((j > 0) && (0 == (j % 24)))
                        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n%s    ", lip);
                    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%02x ", descp[j + 2]);
                }
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "\n");
            }
        }
        if (add_d_len < 0)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s    short descriptor\n", lip);
    }
    return n;
}

/* Decode SAT ATA PASS-THROUGH fixed format sense. Shows "+" after 'count'
 * and/or 'lba' values to indicate that not all data in those fields is shown.
 * That extra field information may be available in the ATA pass-through
 * results log page parameter with the corresponding 'log_index'. */
static int
sg_get_sense_sat_pt_fixed_str(const char * lip, const uint8_t * sp,
                              int slen, int blen, char * b)
{
    int n = 0;
    bool extend, count_upper_nz, lba_upper_nz;

    if ((blen < 1) || (slen < 12))
        return n;
    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    if (SPC_SK_RECOVERED_ERROR != (0xf & sp[2]))
        n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  >> expected Sense key: Recovered "
                      "Error ??\n", lip);
    /* Fixed sense command-specific information field starts at sp + 8 */
    extend = !!(0x80 & sp[8]);
    count_upper_nz = !!(0x40 & sp[8]);
    lba_upper_nz = !!(0x20 & sp[8]);
    /* Fixed sense information field starts at sp + 3 */
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  error=0x%x, status=0x%x, "
                  "device=0x%x, count(7:0)=0x%x%c\n", lip, sp[3], sp[4],
                  sp[5], sp[6], (count_upper_nz ? '+' : ' '));
    n += sg_scnpr(b + n, blen - n, "%s  extend=%d, log_index=0x%x, "
                  "lba_high,mid,low(7:0)=0x%x,0x%x,0x%x%c\n", lip,
                  (int)extend, (0xf & sp[8]), sp[11], sp[10], sp[9],
                  (lba_upper_nz ? '+' : ' '));
    return n;
}

/* Fetch sense information */
int
sg_get_sense_str(const char * lip, const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                 bool raw_sinfo, int cblen, char * cbp)
{
    bool descriptor_format = false;
    bool sdat_ovfl = false;
    bool valid_info_fld;
    int len, progress, n, r, pr, rem, blen;
    unsigned int info;
    uint8_t resp_code;
    const char * ebp = NULL;
    char ebuff[64];
    char b[256];
    struct sg_scsi_sense_hdr ssh;

    if ((NULL == cbp) || (cblen <= 0))
        return 0;
    else if (1 == cblen) {
        cbp[0] = '\0';
        return 0;
    }
    blen = sizeof(b);
    n = 0;
    if (NULL == lip)
        lip = "";
    if ((NULL == sbp) || (sb_len < 1)) {
        n += sg_scnpr(cbp, cblen, "%s >>> sense buffer empty\n", lip);
        return n;
    }
    resp_code = 0x7f & sbp[0];
    valid_info_fld = !!(sbp[0] & 0x80);
    len = sb_len;
    if (sg_scsi_normalize_sense(sbp, sb_len, &ssh)) {
        switch (ssh.response_code) {
        case 0x70:      /* fixed, current */
            ebp = "Fixed format, current";
            len = (sb_len > 7) ? (sbp[7] + 8) : sb_len;
            len = (len > sb_len) ? sb_len : len;
            sdat_ovfl = (len > 2) ? !!(sbp[2] & 0x10) : false;
            break;
        case 0x71:      /* fixed, deferred */
            /* error related to a previous command */
            ebp = "Fixed format, <<<deferred>>>";
            len = (sb_len > 7) ? (sbp[7] + 8) : sb_len;
            len = (len > sb_len) ? sb_len : len;
            sdat_ovfl = (len > 2) ? !!(sbp[2] & 0x10) : false;
            break;
        case 0x72:      /* descriptor, current */
            descriptor_format = true;
            ebp = "Descriptor format, current";
            sdat_ovfl = (sb_len > 4) ? !!(sbp[4] & 0x80) : false;
            break;
        case 0x73:      /* descriptor, deferred */
            descriptor_format = true;
            ebp = "Descriptor format, <<<deferred>>>";
            sdat_ovfl = (sb_len > 4) ? !!(sbp[4] & 0x80) : false;
            break;
        case 0x0:
            ebp = "Response code: 0x0 (?)";
            break;
        default:
            sg_scnpr(ebuff, sizeof(ebuff), "Unknown response code: 0x%x",
                     ssh.response_code);
            ebp = ebuff;
            break;
        }
        n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s%s; Sense key: %s\n", lip, ebp,
                      sg_lib_sense_key_desc[ssh.sense_key]);
        if (sdat_ovfl)
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s<<<Sense data overflow "
                          "(SDAT_OVFL)>>>\n", lip);
        if (descriptor_format) {
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s%s\n", lip,
                          sg_get_asc_ascq_str(ssh.asc, ssh.ascq, blen, b));
            n += sg_get_sense_descriptors_str(lip, sbp, len,
                                              cblen - n, cbp + n);
        } else if ((len > 12) && (0 == ssh.asc) &&
                   (ASCQ_ATA_PT_INFO_AVAILABLE == ssh.ascq)) {
            /* SAT ATA PASS-THROUGH fixed format */
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s%s\n", lip,
                          sg_get_asc_ascq_str(ssh.asc, ssh.ascq, blen, b));
            n += sg_get_sense_sat_pt_fixed_str(lip, sbp, len,
                                               cblen - n, cbp + n);
        } else if (len > 2) {   /* fixed format */
            if (len > 12)
                n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s%s\n", lip,
                         sg_get_asc_ascq_str(ssh.asc, ssh.ascq, blen, b));
            r = 0;
            if (strlen(lip) > 0)
                r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s", lip);
            if (len > 6) {
                info = sg_get_unaligned_be32(sbp + 3);
                if (valid_info_fld)
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "  Info fld=0x%x [%u] ",
                                  info, info);
                else if (info > 0)
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "  Valid=0, Info fld=0x%x "
                                  "[%u] ", info, info);
            } else
                info = 0;
            if (sbp[2] & 0xe0) {
                if (sbp[2] & 0x80)
                   r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, " FMK");
                            /* current command has read a filemark */
                if (sbp[2] & 0x40)
                   r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, " EOM");
                            /* end-of-medium condition exists */
                if (sbp[2] & 0x20)
                   r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, " ILI");
                            /* incorrect block length requested */
                r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "\n");
            } else if (valid_info_fld || (info > 0))
                r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "\n");
            if ((len >= 14) && sbp[14])
                r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Field replaceable unit "
                              "code: %d\n", lip, sbp[14]);
            if ((len >= 18) && (sbp[15] & 0x80)) {
                /* sense key specific decoding */
                switch (ssh.sense_key) {
                case SPC_SK_ILLEGAL_REQUEST:
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Sense Key Specific: "
                                  "Error in %s: byte %d", lip,
                                  ((sbp[15] & 0x40) ?
                                         "Command" : "Data parameters"),
                                  sg_get_unaligned_be16(sbp + 16));
                    if (sbp[15] & 0x08)
                        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, " bit %d\n",
                                      sbp[15] & 0x07);
                    else
                        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "\n");
                    break;
                case SPC_SK_NO_SENSE:
                case SPC_SK_NOT_READY:
                    progress = sg_get_unaligned_be16(sbp + 16);
                    pr = (progress * 100) / 65536;
                    rem = ((progress * 100) % 65536) / 656;
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Progress indication: "
                                  "%d.%02d%%\n", lip, pr, rem);
                    break;
                case SPC_SK_HARDWARE_ERROR:
                case SPC_SK_MEDIUM_ERROR:
                case SPC_SK_RECOVERED_ERROR:
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Actual retry count: "
                                  "0x%02x%02x\n", lip, sbp[16], sbp[17]);
                    break;
                case SPC_SK_COPY_ABORTED:
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Segment pointer: ",
                                  lip);
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "Relative to start of %s, "
                                  "byte %d", ((sbp[15] & 0x20) ?
                                     "segment descriptor" : "parameter list"),
                                  sg_get_unaligned_be16(sbp + 16));
                    if (sbp[15] & 0x08)
                        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, " bit %d\n",
                                      sbp[15] & 0x07);
                    else
                        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "\n");
                    break;
                case SPC_SK_UNIT_ATTENTION:
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Unit attention "
                                  "condition queue: ", lip);
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "overflow flag is %d\n",
                                  !!(sbp[15] & 0x1));
                    break;
                default:
                    r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  Sense_key: 0x%x "
                                  "unexpected\n", lip, ssh.sense_key);
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (r > 0)
                n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s", b);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s fixed descriptor length "
                          "too short, len=%d\n", lip, len);
    } else {    /* unable to normalise sense buffer, something irregular */
        if (sb_len < 4) {       /* Too short */
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%ssense buffer too short (4 "
                          "byte minimum)\n", lip);
            goto check_raw;
        }
        if (0x7f == resp_code) {        /* Vendor specific */
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%sVendor specific sense "
                          "buffer, in hex:\n", lip);
            n += hex2str(sbp, sb_len, lip, -1, cblen - n, cbp + n);
            return n;   /* no need to check raw, just output in hex */
        }
        /* non-extended SCSI-1 sense data ?? */
        r = 0;
        if (strlen(lip) > 0)
            r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s", lip);
        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "Probably uninitialized data.\n%s  "
                      "Try to view as SCSI-1 non-extended sense:\n", lip);
        r += sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "  AdValid=%d  Error class=%d  Error "
                      "code=%d\n", valid_info_fld, ((sbp[0] >> 4) & 0x7),
                      (sbp[0] & 0xf));
        if (valid_info_fld)
            sg_scnpr(b + r, blen - r, "%s  lba=0x%x\n", lip,
                     sg_get_unaligned_be24(sbp + 1) & 0x1fffff);
        n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s\n", b);
    }
check_raw:
    if (raw_sinfo) {
        int calculated_len;
        char z[64];

        n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "%s Raw sense data (in hex), "
                      "sb_len=%d", lip, sb_len);
        if (n >= (cblen - 1))
            return n;
        if ((sb_len > 7) && (sbp[0] >= 0x70) && (sbp[0] < 0x74)) {
            calculated_len = sbp[7] + 8;
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, ", calculated_len=%d\n",
                          calculated_len);
        } else {
            calculated_len = sb_len;
            n += sg_scnpr(cbp + n, cblen - n, "\n");
        }
        if (n >= (cblen - 1))
            return n;

        sg_scnpr(z, sizeof(z), "%.50s        ", lip);
        n += hex2str(sbp, calculated_len, z,  -1, cblen - n, cbp + n);
    }
    return n;
}

/* Print sense information */
void
sg_print_sense(const char * leadin, const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
               bool raw_sinfo)
{
    uint32_t pg_sz = sg_get_page_size();
    char *cp;
    uint8_t *free_cp;

    cp = (char *)sg_memalign(pg_sz, pg_sz, &free_cp, false);
    if (NULL == cp)
        return;
    sg_get_sense_str(leadin, sbp, sb_len, raw_sinfo, pg_sz, cp);
    pr2ws("%s", cp);
    free(free_cp);
}

/* This examines exit_status and if an error message is known it is output
 * as a string to 'b' and true is returned. If 'longer' is true and extra
 * information is available then it is added to the output. If no error
 * message is available a null character is output and false is returned.
 * If exit_status is zero (no error) and 'longer' is true then the string
 * 'No errors' is output; if 'longer' is false then a null character is
 * output; in both cases true is returned. If exit_status is negative then
 * a null character is output and false is returned. All messages are a
 * single line (less than 80 characters) with no trailing LF. The output
 * string including the trailing null character is no longer than b_len.
 * exit_status represents the Unix exit status available after a utility
 * finishes executing (for whatever reason). */
bool sg_exit2str(int exit_status, bool longer, int b_len, char *b)
{
    const struct sg_value_2names_t * ess = sg_exit_str_arr;

    if ((b_len < 1) || (NULL == b))
        return false;
    /* if there is a valid buffer, initialize it to a valid empty string */
    b[0] = '\0';
    if (exit_status < 0)
        return false;
    else if ((0 == exit_status) || (SG_LIB_OK_FALSE == exit_status)) {
        if (longer)
            goto fini;
        return true;
    }

    if ((exit_status > SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR) &&       /* 51 to 96 inclusive */
        (exit_status < SG_LIB_CAT_MALFORMED)) {
        snprintf(b, b_len, "%s%s", (longer ? "OS error: " : ""),
                 safe_strerror(exit_status - SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR));
        return true;
    } else if ((exit_status > 128) && (exit_status < 255)) {
        snprintf(b, b_len, "Utility stopped/aborted by signal number: %d",
                 exit_status - 128);
        return true;
    }
fini:
    for ( ; ess->name; ++ess) {
        if (exit_status == ess->value)
            break;
    }
    if (ess->name) {
        if (longer && ess->name2)
            snprintf(b, b_len, "%s, %s", ess->name, ess->name2);
        else
            snprintf(b, b_len, "%s", ess->name);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

static bool
sg_if_can2fp(const char * leadin, int exit_status, FILE * fp)
{
    char b[256];
    const char * s = leadin ? leadin : "";

    if ((0 == exit_status) || (SG_LIB_OK_FALSE == exit_status))
        return true;    /* don't print anything */
    else if (sg_exit2str(exit_status, false, sizeof(b), b)) {
        fprintf(fp, "%s%s\n", s, b);
        return true;
    } else
        return false;
}

/* This examines exit_status and if an error message is known it is output
 * to stdout/stderr and true is returned. If no error message is
 * available nothing is output and false is returned. If exit_status is
 * zero (no error) nothing is output and true is returned. If exit_status
 * is negative then nothing is output and false is returned. If leadin is
 * non-NULL then it is printed before the error message. All messages are
 * a single line with a trailing LF. */
bool
sg_if_can2stdout(const char * leadin, int exit_status)
{
    return sg_if_can2fp(leadin, exit_status, stdout);
}

/* See sg_if_can2stdout() comments */
bool
sg_if_can2stderr(const char * leadin, int exit_status)
{
    return sg_if_can2fp(leadin, exit_status,
                        sg_warnings_strm ? sg_warnings_strm : stderr);
}

/* If os_err_num is within bounds then the returned value is 'os_err_num +
 * SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR' otherwise SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR is returned. If
 * os_err_num is 0 then 0 is returned. */
int
sg_convert_errno(int os_err_num)
{
    if (os_err_num <= 0) {
        if (os_err_num < 0)
            return SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR;
        return os_err_num;      /* os_err_num of 0 maps to 0 */
    }
    if (os_err_num < (SG_LIB_CAT_MALFORMED - SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR))
        return SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR + os_err_num;
    return SG_LIB_OS_BASE_ERR;
}

static const char * const bad_sense_cat = "Bad sense category";

/* Yield string associated with sense category. Returns 'b' (or pointer
 * to "Bad sense category" if 'b' is NULL). If sense_cat unknown then
 * yield "Sense category: <sense_cat_val>" string. The original 'sense
 * category' concept has been expanded to most detected errors and is
 * returned by these utilities as their exit status value (an (unsigned)
 * 8 bit value where 0 means good (i.e. no errors)).  Uses sg_exit2str()
 * function. */
const char *
sg_get_category_sense_str(int sense_cat, int b_len, char * b, int verbose)
{
    if (NULL == b)
        return bad_sense_cat;
    if (b_len <= 0)
        return b;
    if (! sg_exit2str(sense_cat, (verbose > 0), b_len, b)) {
        int n = sg_scnpr(b, b_len, "Sense category: %d", sense_cat);

        if ((0 == verbose) && (n < (b_len - 1)))
            sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, ", try '-v' option for more "
                     "information");
    }
    return b;   /* Note that a valid C string is returned in all cases */
}

/* See description in sg_lib.h header file */
bool
sg_scsi_normalize_sense(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len,
                        struct sg_scsi_sense_hdr * sshp)
{
    uint8_t resp_code;
    if (sshp)
        memset(sshp, 0, sizeof(struct sg_scsi_sense_hdr));
    if ((NULL == sbp) || (sb_len < 1))
        return false;
    resp_code = 0x7f & sbp[0];
    if ((resp_code < 0x70) || (resp_code > 0x73))
        return false;
    if (sshp) {
        sshp->response_code = resp_code;
        if (sshp->response_code >= 0x72) {  /* descriptor format */
            if (sb_len > 1)
                sshp->sense_key = (0xf & sbp[1]);
            if (sb_len > 2)
                sshp->asc = sbp[2];
            if (sb_len > 3)
                sshp->ascq = sbp[3];
            if (sb_len > 7)
                sshp->additional_length = sbp[7];
            sshp->byte4 = sbp[4];       /* bit 7: SDAT_OVFL bit */
            /* sbp[5] and sbp[6] reserved for descriptor format */
        } else {                              /* fixed format */
            if (sb_len > 2)
                sshp->sense_key = (0xf & sbp[2]);
            if (sb_len > 7) {
                sb_len = (sb_len < (sbp[7] + 8)) ? sb_len : (sbp[7] + 8);
                if (sb_len > 12)
                    sshp->asc = sbp[12];
                if (sb_len > 13)
                    sshp->ascq = sbp[13];
            }
            if (sb_len > 6) {   /* lower 3 bytes of INFO field */
                sshp->byte4 = sbp[4];
                sshp->byte5 = sbp[5];
                sshp->byte6 = sbp[6];
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* Returns a SG_LIB_CAT_* value. If cannot decode sense buffer (sbp) or a
 * less common sense key then return SG_LIB_CAT_SENSE .*/
int
sg_err_category_sense(const uint8_t * sbp, int sb_len)
{
    struct sg_scsi_sense_hdr ssh;

    if ((sbp && (sb_len > 2)) &&
        (sg_scsi_normalize_sense(sbp, sb_len, &ssh))) {
        switch (ssh.sense_key) {        /* 0 to 0x1f */
        case SPC_SK_NO_SENSE:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_NO_SENSE;
        case SPC_SK_RECOVERED_ERROR:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_RECOVERED;
        case SPC_SK_NOT_READY:
            if ((0x04 == ssh.asc) && (0x0b == ssh.ascq))
                return SG_LIB_CAT_STANDBY;
            if ((0x04 == ssh.asc) && (0x0c == ssh.ascq))
                return SG_LIB_CAT_UNAVAILABLE;
            return SG_LIB_CAT_NOT_READY;
        case SPC_SK_MEDIUM_ERROR:
        case SPC_SK_HARDWARE_ERROR:
        case SPC_SK_BLANK_CHECK:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_MEDIUM_HARD;
        case SPC_SK_UNIT_ATTENTION:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_UNIT_ATTENTION;
            /* used to return SG_LIB_CAT_MEDIA_CHANGED when ssh.asc==0x28 */
        case SPC_SK_ILLEGAL_REQUEST:
            if ((0x20 == ssh.asc) && (0x0 == ssh.ascq))
                return SG_LIB_CAT_INVALID_OP;
            else if ((0x21 == ssh.asc) && (0x0 == ssh.ascq))
                return SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE;
            else
                return SG_LIB_CAT_ILLEGAL_REQ;
            break;
        case SPC_SK_ABORTED_COMMAND:
            if (0x10 == ssh.asc)
                return SG_LIB_CAT_PROTECTION;
            else
                return SG_LIB_CAT_ABORTED_COMMAND;
        case SPC_SK_MISCOMPARE:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_MISCOMPARE;
        case SPC_SK_DATA_PROTECT:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_DATA_PROTECT;
        case SPC_SK_COPY_ABORTED:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_COPY_ABORTED;
        case SPC_SK_COMPLETED:
        case SPC_SK_VOLUME_OVERFLOW:
            return SG_LIB_CAT_SENSE;
        default:
            ;   /* reserved and vendor specific sense keys fall through */
        }
    }
    return SG_LIB_CAT_SENSE;
}

/* Beware: gives wrong answer for variable length command (opcode=0x7f) */
int
sg_get_command_size(uint8_t opcode)
{
    switch ((opcode >> 5) & 0x7) {
    case 0:
        return 6;
    case 3: case 5:
        return 12;
    case 4:
        return 16;
    default:        /* 1, 2, 6, 7 */
        return 10;
    }
}

void
sg_get_command_name(const uint8_t * cdbp, int peri_type, int buff_len,
                    char * buff)
{
    int service_action;

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return;
    else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return;
    }
    if (NULL == cdbp) {
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", "<null> command pointer");
        return;
    }
    service_action = (SG_VARIABLE_LENGTH_CMD == cdbp[0]) ?
                     sg_get_unaligned_be16(cdbp + 8) : (cdbp[1] & 0x1f);
    sg_get_opcode_sa_name(cdbp[0], service_action, peri_type, buff_len, buff);
}

struct op_code2sa_t {
    int op_code;
    int pdt_s;
    struct sg_lib_value_name_t * arr;
    const char * prefix;
};

static struct op_code2sa_t op_code2sa_arr[] = {
    {SG_VARIABLE_LENGTH_CMD, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_variable_length_arr, NULL},
    {SG_MAINTENANCE_IN, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_maint_in_arr, NULL},
    {SG_MAINTENANCE_OUT, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_maint_out_arr, NULL},
    {SG_SERVICE_ACTION_IN_12, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_serv_in12_arr, NULL},
    {SG_SERVICE_ACTION_OUT_12, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_serv_out12_arr, NULL},
    {SG_SERVICE_ACTION_IN_16, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_serv_in16_arr, NULL},
    {SG_SERVICE_ACTION_OUT_16, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_serv_out16_arr, NULL},
    {SG_SERVICE_ACTION_BIDI, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_serv_bidi_arr, NULL},
    {SG_PERSISTENT_RESERVE_IN, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_pr_in_arr,
     "Persistent reserve in"},
    {SG_PERSISTENT_RESERVE_OUT, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_pr_out_arr,
     "Persistent reserve out"},
    {SG_3PARTY_COPY_OUT, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_xcopy_sa_arr, NULL},
    {SG_3PARTY_COPY_IN, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_rec_copy_sa_arr, NULL},
    {SG_READ_BUFFER, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_read_buff_arr, "Read buffer(10)"},
    {SG_READ_BUFFER_16, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_read_buff_arr, "Read buffer(16)"},
    {SG_READ_ATTRIBUTE, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_read_attr_arr, "Read attribute"},
    {SG_READ_POSITION, PDT_TAPE, sg_lib_read_pos_arr, "Read position"},
    {SG_SANITIZE, PDT_DISK_ZBC, sg_lib_sanitize_sa_arr, "Sanitize"},
    {SG_WRITE_BUFFER, PDT_ALL, sg_lib_write_buff_arr, "Write buffer"},
    {SG_ZONING_IN, PDT_DISK_ZBC, sg_lib_zoning_in_arr, NULL},
    {SG_ZONING_OUT, PDT_DISK_ZBC, sg_lib_zoning_out_arr, NULL},
    {0xffff, -1, NULL, NULL},
};

void
sg_get_opcode_sa_name(uint8_t cmd_byte0, int service_action,
                      int peri_type, int buff_len, char * buff)
{
    int d_pdt;
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vnp;
    const struct op_code2sa_t * osp;
    char b[80];

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return;
    else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return;
    }

    if (peri_type < 0)
        peri_type = 0;
    d_pdt = sg_lib_pdt_decay(peri_type);
    for (osp = op_code2sa_arr; osp->arr; ++osp) {
        if ((int)cmd_byte0 == osp->op_code) {
            if (sg_pdt_s_eq(osp->pdt_s, d_pdt)) {
                vnp = get_value_name(osp->arr, service_action, peri_type);
                if (vnp) {
                    if (osp->prefix)
                        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s, %s", osp->prefix,
                                 vnp->name);
                    else
                        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
                } else {
                    sg_get_opcode_name(cmd_byte0, peri_type, sizeof(b), b);
                    sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s service action=0x%x", b,
                             service_action);
                }
            } else
                sg_get_opcode_name(cmd_byte0, peri_type, buff_len, buff);
            return;
        }
    }
    sg_get_opcode_name(cmd_byte0, peri_type, buff_len, buff);
}

void
sg_get_opcode_name(uint8_t cmd_byte0, int peri_type, int buff_len,
                   char * buff)
{
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vnp;
    int grp;

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return;
    else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return;
    }
    if (SG_VARIABLE_LENGTH_CMD == cmd_byte0) {
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", "Variable length");
        return;
    }
    grp = (cmd_byte0 >> 5) & 0x7;
    switch (grp) {
    case 0:
    case 1:
    case 2:
    case 4:
    case 5:
        vnp = get_value_name(sg_lib_normal_opcodes, cmd_byte0, peri_type);
        if (vnp)
            sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        else
            sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Opcode=0x%x", (int)cmd_byte0);
        break;
    case 3:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Reserved [0x%x]", (int)cmd_byte0);
        break;
    case 6:
    case 7:
        sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "Vendor specific [0x%x]", (int)cmd_byte0);
        break;
    }
}

/* Fetch NVMe command name given first byte (byte offset 0 in 64 byte
 * command) of command. Gets Admin NVMe command name if 'admin' is true
 * (e.g. opcode=0x6 -> Identify), otherwise gets NVM command set name
 * (e.g. opcode=0 -> Flush). Returns 'buff'. */
char *
sg_get_nvme_opcode_name(uint8_t cmd_byte0, bool admin, int buff_len,
                        char * buff)
{
    const struct sg_lib_simple_value_name_t * vnp = admin ?
                        sg_lib_nvme_admin_cmd_arr : sg_lib_nvme_nvm_cmd_arr;

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1))
        return buff;
    else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        return buff;
    }
    for ( ; vnp->name; ++vnp) {
        if (cmd_byte0 == (uint8_t)vnp->value) {
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
            return buff;
        }
    }
    if (admin) {
        if (cmd_byte0 >= 0xc0)
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "Vendor specific opcode: 0x%x",
                     cmd_byte0);
        else if (cmd_byte0 >= 0x80)
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "Command set specific opcode: 0x%x",
                     cmd_byte0);
        else
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "Unknown opcode: 0x%x", cmd_byte0);
    } else {    /* NVM (non-Admin) command set */
        if (cmd_byte0 >= 0x80)
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "Vendor specific opcode: 0x%x",
                     cmd_byte0);
        else
            snprintf(buff, buff_len, "Unknown opcode: 0x%x", cmd_byte0);
    }
    return buff;
}

/* Iterates to next designation descriptor in the device identification
 * VPD page. The 'initial_desig_desc' should point to start of first
 * descriptor with 'page_len' being the number of valid bytes in that
 * and following descriptors. To start, 'off' should point to a negative
 * value, thereafter it should point to the value yielded by the previous
 * call. If 0 returned then 'initial_desig_desc + *off' should be a valid
 * descriptor; returns -1 if normal end condition and -2 for an abnormal
 * termination. Matches association, designator_type and/or code_set when
 * any of those values are greater than or equal to zero. */
int
sg_vpd_dev_id_iter(const uint8_t * initial_desig_desc, int page_len,
                   int * off, int m_assoc, int m_desig_type, int m_code_set)
{
    bool fltr = ((m_assoc >= 0) || (m_desig_type >= 0) || (m_code_set >= 0));
    int k = *off;
    const uint8_t * bp = initial_desig_desc;

    while ((k + 3) < page_len) {
        k = (k < 0) ? 0 : (k + bp[k + 3] + 4);
        if ((k + 4) > page_len)
            break;
        if (fltr) {
            if (m_code_set >= 0) {
                if ((bp[k] & 0xf) != m_code_set)
                    continue;
            }
            if (m_assoc >= 0) {
                if (((bp[k + 1] >> 4) & 0x3) != m_assoc)
                    continue;
            }
            if (m_desig_type >= 0) {
                if ((bp[k + 1] & 0xf) != m_desig_type)
                    continue;
            }
        }
        *off = k;
        return 0;
    }
    return (k == page_len) ? -1 : -2;
}

static const char * sg_sfs_spc_reserved = "SPC Reserved";
static const char * sg_sfs_sbc_reserved = "SBC Reserved";
static const char * sg_sfs_ssc_reserved = "SSC Reserved";
static const char * sg_sfs_zbc_reserved = "ZBC Reserved";
static const char * sg_sfs_reserved = "Reserved";

/* Yield SCSI Feature Set (sfs) string. When 'peri_type' is < -1 (or > 31)
 * returns pointer to string (same as 'buff') associated with 'sfs_code'.
 * When 'peri_type' is between -1 (for SPC) and 31 (inclusive) then a match
 * on both 'sfs_code' and 'peri_type' is required. If 'foundp' is not NULL
 * then where it points is set to true if a match is found else it is set to
 * false. If 'buff' is not NULL then in the case of a match a descriptive
 * string is written to 'buff' while if there is not a not then a string
 * ending in "Reserved" is written (and may be prefixed with SPC, SBC, SSC
 * or ZBC). Returns 'buff' (i.e. a pointer value) even if it is NULL.
 * Example:
 *    char b[64];
 *    ...
 *    printf("%s\n", sg_get_sfs_str(sfs_code, -2, sizeof(b), b, NULL, 0));
 */
const char *
sg_get_sfs_str(uint16_t sfs_code, int peri_type, int buff_len, char * buff,
               bool * foundp, int verbose)
{
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vnp = NULL;
    int n = 0;
    int my_pdt;

    if ((NULL == buff) || (buff_len < 1)) {
        if (foundp)
            *foundp = false;
        return NULL;
    } else if (1 == buff_len) {
        buff[0] = '\0';
        if (foundp)
            *foundp = false;
        return NULL;
    }
    my_pdt = ((peri_type < -1) || (peri_type > PDT_MAX)) ? -2 : peri_type;
    vnp = get_value_name(sg_lib_scsi_feature_sets, sfs_code, my_pdt);
    if (vnp && (-2 != my_pdt)) {
        if (! sg_pdt_s_eq(my_pdt, vnp->peri_dev_type))
            vnp = NULL;      /* shouldn't really happen */
    }
    if (foundp)
        *foundp = vnp ? true : false;
    if (sfs_code < 0x100) {             /* SPC Feature Sets */
        if (vnp) {
            if (verbose)
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "SPC %s", vnp->name);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_sfs_spc_reserved);
    } else if (sfs_code < 0x200) {      /* SBC Feature Sets */
        if (vnp) {
            if (verbose)
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "SBC %s", vnp->name);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_sfs_sbc_reserved);
    } else if (sfs_code < 0x300) {      /* SSC Feature Sets */
        if (vnp) {
            if (verbose)
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "SSC %s", vnp->name);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_sfs_ssc_reserved);
    } else if (sfs_code < 0x400) {      /* ZBC Feature Sets */
        if (vnp) {
            if (verbose)
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "ZBC %s", vnp->name);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_sfs_zbc_reserved);
    } else {                            /* Other SCSI Feature Sets */
        if (vnp) {
            if (verbose)
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "[unrecognized PDT] %s",
                              vnp->name);
            else
                n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", vnp->name);
        } else
            n += sg_scnpr(buff, buff_len, "%s", sg_sfs_reserved);

    }
    if (verbose > 4)
        pr2ws("%s: length of returned string (n) %d\n", __func__, n);
    return buff;
}

/* This is a heuristic that takes into account the command bytes and length
 * to decide whether the presented unstructured sequence of bytes could be
 * a SCSI command. If so it returns true otherwise false. Vendor specific
 * SCSI commands (i.e. opcodes from 0xc0 to 0xff), if presented, are assumed
 * to follow SCSI conventions (i.e. length of 6, 10, 12 or 16 bytes). The
 * only SCSI commands considered above 16 bytes of length are the Variable
 * Length Commands (opcode 0x7f) and the XCDB wrapped commands (opcode 0x7e).
 * Both have an inbuilt length field which can be cross checked with clen.
 * No NVMe commands (64 bytes long plus some extra added by some OSes) have
 * opcodes 0x7e or 0x7f yet. ATA is register based but SATA has FIS
 * structures that are sent across the wire. The FIS register structure is
 * used to move a command from a SATA host to device, but the ATA 'command'
 * is not the first byte. So it is harder to say what will happen if a
 * FIS structure is presented as a SCSI command, hopefully there is a low
 * probability this function will yield true in that case. */
bool
sg_is_scsi_cdb(const uint8_t * cdbp, int clen)
{
    uint8_t opcode;
    uint8_t top3bits;

    if (clen < 6)
        return false;
    opcode = cdbp[0];
    top3bits = opcode >> 5;
    if (0x3 == top3bits) {
        int ilen, sa;

        if ((clen < 12) || (clen % 4))
            return false;       /* must be modulo 4 and 12 or more bytes */
        switch (opcode) {
        case 0x7e:      /* Extended cdb (XCDB) */
            ilen = 4 + sg_get_unaligned_be16(cdbp + 2);
            return (ilen == clen);
        case 0x7f:      /* Variable Length cdb */
            ilen = 8 + cdbp[7];
            sa = sg_get_unaligned_be16(cdbp + 8);
            /* service action (sa) 0x0 is reserved */
            return ((ilen == clen) && sa);
        default:
            return false;
        }
    } else if (clen <= 16) {
        switch (clen) {
        case 6:
            if (top3bits > 0x5)         /* vendor */
                return true;
            return (0x0 == top3bits);   /* 6 byte cdb */
        case 10:
            if (top3bits > 0x5)         /* vendor */
                return true;
            return ((0x1 == top3bits) || (0x2 == top3bits)); /* 10 byte cdb */
        case 16:
            if (top3bits > 0x5)         /* vendor */
                return true;
            return (0x4 == top3bits);   /* 16 byte cdb */
        case 12:
            if (top3bits > 0x5)         /* vendor */
                return true;
            return (0x5 == top3bits);   /* 12 byte cdb */
        default:
            return false;
        }
    }
    /* NVMe probably falls out here, clen > 16 and (opcode < 0x60 or
     * opcode > 0x7f). */
    return false;
}

/* Yield string associated with NVMe command status value in sct_sc. It
 * expects to decode DW3 bits 27:17 from the completion queue. Bits 27:25
 * are the Status Code Type (SCT) and bits 24:17 are the Status Code (SC).
 * Bit 17 in DW3 should be bit 0 in sct_sc. If no status string is found
 * a string of the form "Reserved [0x<sct_sc_in_hex>]" is generated.
 * Returns 'buff'. Does nothing if buff_len<=0 or if buff is NULL.*/
char *
sg_get_nvme_cmd_status_str(uint16_t sct_sc, int b_len, char * b)
{
    int k;
    uint16_t s = 0x3ff & sct_sc;
    const struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vp = sg_lib_nvme_cmd_status_arr;

    if ((b_len <= 0) || (NULL == b))
        return b;
    else if (1 == b_len) {
        b[0] = '\0';
        return b;
    }
    for (k = 0; (vp->name && (k < 1000)); ++k, ++vp) {
        if (s == (uint16_t)vp->value) {
            strncpy(b, vp->name, b_len);
            b[b_len - 1] = '\0';
            return b;
        }
    }
    if (k >= 1000)
        pr2ws("%s: where is sentinel for sg_lib_nvme_cmd_status_arr ??\n",
                        __func__);
    snprintf(b, b_len, "Reserved [0x%x]", sct_sc);
    return b;
}

/* Attempts to map NVMe status value ((SCT << 8) | SC) to SCSI status,
 * sense_key, asc and ascq tuple. If successful returns true and writes to
 * non-NULL pointer arguments; otherwise returns false. */
bool
sg_nvme_status2scsi(uint16_t sct_sc, uint8_t * status_p, uint8_t * sk_p,
                    uint8_t * asc_p, uint8_t * ascq_p)
{
    int k, ind;
    uint16_t s = 0x3ff & sct_sc;
    struct sg_lib_value_name_t * vp = sg_lib_nvme_cmd_status_arr;
    struct sg_lib_4tuple_u8 * mp = sg_lib_scsi_status_sense_arr;

    for (k = 0; (vp->name && (k < 1000)); ++k, ++vp) {
        if (s == (uint16_t)vp->value)
            break;
    }
    if (k >= 1000) {
        pr2ws("%s: where is sentinel for sg_lib_nvme_cmd_status_arr ??\n",
              __func__);
        return false;
    }
    if (NULL == vp->name)
        return false;
    ind = vp->peri_dev_type;


    for (k = 0; (0xff != mp->t2) && k < 1000; ++k, ++mp)
        ;       /* count entries for valid index range */
    if (k >= 1000) {
        pr2ws("%s: where is sentinel for sg_lib_scsi_status_sense_arr ??\n",
              __func__);
        return false;
    } else if (ind >= k)
        return false;

    mp = sg_lib_scsi_status_sense_arr + ind;
    if (status_p)
        *status_p = mp->t1;
    if (sk_p)
        *sk_p = mp->t2;
    if (asc_p)
        *asc_p = mp->t3;
    if (ascq_p)
        *ascq_p = mp->t4;
    return true;
}

/* Add vendor (sg3_utils) specific sense descriptor for the NVMe Status
 * field. Assumes descriptor (i.e. not fixed) sense. Assumes sbp has room. */
void
sg_nvme_desc2sense(uint8_t * sbp, bool dnr, bool more, uint16_t sct_sc)
{
    int len = sbp[7] + 8;

    sbp[len] = 0xde;            /* vendor specific descriptor type */
    sbp[len + 1] = 6;           /* descriptor is 8 bytes long */
    memset(sbp + len + 2, 0, 6);
    if (dnr)
        sbp[len + 5] = 0x80;
    if (more)
        sbp[len + 5] |= 0x40;
    sg_put_unaligned_be16(sct_sc, sbp + len + 6);
    sbp[7] += 8;
}

/* Build minimum sense buffer, either descriptor type (desc=true) or fixed
 * type (desc=false). Assume sbp has enough room (8 or 14 bytes
 * respectively). sbp should have room for 32 or 18 bytes respectively */
void
sg_build_sense_buffer(bool desc, uint8_t *sbp, uint8_t skey, uint8_t asc,
                      uint8_t ascq)
{
    if (desc) {
        sbp[0] = 0x72;  /* descriptor, current */
        sbp[1] = skey;
        sbp[2] = asc;
        sbp[3] = ascq;
        sbp[7] = 0;
    } else {
        sbp[0] = 0x70;  /* fixed, current */
        sbp[2] = skey;
        sbp[7] = 0xa;   /* Assumes length is 18 bytes */
        sbp[12] = asc;
        sbp[13] = ascq;
    }
}

/* safe_strerror() contributed by Clayton Weaver <cgweav at email dot com>
 * Allows for situation in which strerror() is given a wild value (or the
 * C library is incomplete) and returns NULL. Still not thread safe.
 */

static char safe_errbuf[64] = {'u', 'n', 'k', 'n', 'o', 'w', 'n', ' ',
                               'e', 'r', 'r', 'n', 'o', ':', ' ', 0};

char *
safe_strerror(int errnum)
{
    char * errstr;

    if (errnum < 0)
        errnum = -errnum;
    errstr = strerror(errnum);
    if (NULL == errstr) {
        size_t len = strlen(safe_errbuf);

        sg_scnpr(safe_errbuf + len, sizeof(safe_errbuf) - len, "%i", errnum);
        return safe_errbuf;
    }
    return errstr;
}

static int
trimTrailingSpaces(char * b)
{
    int n = strlen(b);

    while ((n > 0) && (' ' == b[n - 1]))
        b[--n] = '\0';
    return n;
}

/* Read binary starting at 'str' for 'len' bytes and output as ASCII
 * hexadecinal into file pointer (fp). 16 bytes per line are output with an
 * additional space between 8th and 9th byte on each line (for readability).
 * 'no_ascii' selects one of 3 output format types:
 *     > 0     each line has address then up to 16 ASCII-hex bytes
 *     = 0     in addition, the bytes are listed in ASCII to the right
 *     < 0     only the ASCII-hex bytes are listed (i.e. without address) */
void
dStrHexFp(const char* str, int len, int no_ascii, FILE * fp)
{
    const char * p = str;
    const char * formatstr;
    uint8_t c;
    char buff[82];
    int a = 0;
    int bpstart = 5;
    const int cpstart = 60;
    int cpos = cpstart;
    int bpos = bpstart;
    int i, k, blen;

    if (len <= 0)
        return;
    blen = (int)sizeof(buff);
    if (0 == no_ascii)  /* address at left and ASCII at right */
        formatstr = "%.76s\n";
    else                        /* previously when > 0 str was "%.58s\n" */
        formatstr = "%s\n";     /* when < 0 str was: "%.48s\n" */
    memset(buff, ' ', 80);
    buff[80] = '\0';
    if (no_ascii < 0) {
        bpstart = 0;
        bpos = bpstart;
        for (k = 0; k < len; k++) {
            c = *p++;
            if (bpos == (bpstart + (8 * 3)))
                bpos++;
            sg_scnpr(&buff[bpos], blen - bpos, "%.2x", (int)(uint8_t)c);
            buff[bpos + 2] = ' ';
            if ((k > 0) && (0 == ((k + 1) % 16))) {
                trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
                fprintf(fp, formatstr, buff);
                bpos = bpstart;
                memset(buff, ' ', 80);
            } else
                bpos += 3;
        }
        if (bpos > bpstart) {
            buff[bpos + 2] = '\0';
            trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
            fprintf(fp, "%s\n", buff);
        }
        return;
    }
    /* no_ascii>=0, start each line with address (offset) */
    k = sg_scnpr(buff + 1, blen - 1, "%.2x", a);
    buff[k + 1] = ' ';

    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        c = *p++;
        bpos += 3;
        if (bpos == (bpstart + (9 * 3)))
            bpos++;
        sg_scnpr(&buff[bpos], blen - bpos, "%.2x", (int)(uint8_t)c);
        buff[bpos + 2] = ' ';
        if (no_ascii)
            buff[cpos++] = ' ';
        else {
            if (! my_isprint(c))
                c = '.';
            buff[cpos++] = c;
        }
        if (cpos > (cpstart + 15)) {
            if (no_ascii)
                trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
            fprintf(fp, formatstr, buff);
            bpos = bpstart;
            cpos = cpstart;
            a += 16;
            memset(buff, ' ', 80);
            k = sg_scnpr(buff + 1, blen - 1, "%.2x", a);
            buff[k + 1] = ' ';
        }
    }
    if (cpos > cpstart) {
        buff[cpos] = '\0';
        if (no_ascii)
            trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
        fprintf(fp, "%s\n", buff);
    }
}

void
dStrHex(const char* str, int len, int no_ascii)
{
    dStrHexFp(str, len, no_ascii, stdout);
}

void
dStrHexErr(const char* str, int len, int no_ascii)
{
    dStrHexFp(str, len, no_ascii,
              (sg_warnings_strm ? sg_warnings_strm : stderr));
}

#define DSHS_LINE_BLEN 160      /* maximum characters per line */
#define DSHS_BPL 16             /* bytes per line */

/* Read 'len' bytes from 'str' and output as ASCII-Hex bytes (space separated)
 * to 'b' not to exceed 'b_len' characters. Each line starts with 'leadin'
 * (NULL for no leadin) and there are 16 bytes per line with an extra space
 * between the 8th and 9th bytes. 'oformat' is 0 for repeat in printable ASCII
 * ('.' for non printable chars) to right of each line; 1 don't (so just
 * output ASCII hex). If 'oformat' is 2 output same as 1 but any LFs are
 * replaced by space (and trailing spaces are trimmed). Note that an address
 * is not printed on each line preceding the hex data. Returns number of bytes
 * written to 'b' excluding the trailing '\0'. The only difference between
 * dStrHexStr() and hex2str() is the type of the first argument. */
int
dStrHexStr(const char * str, int len, const char * leadin, int oformat,
           int b_len, char * b)
{
    bool want_ascii = (0 == oformat);
    int bpstart, bpos, k, n, prior_ascii_len;
    char buff[DSHS_LINE_BLEN + 2];      /* allow for trailing null */
    char a[DSHS_BPL + 1];               /* printable ASCII bytes or '.' */
    const char * p = str;
    const char * lf_or = (oformat > 1) ? "  " : "\n";

    if (len <= 0) {
        if (b_len > 0)
            b[0] = '\0';
        return 0;
    }
    if (b_len <= 0)
        return 0;
    if (want_ascii) {
        memset(a, ' ', DSHS_BPL);
        a[DSHS_BPL] = '\0';
    }
    n = 0;
    bpstart = 0;
    if (leadin) {
        if (oformat > 1)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, "%s", leadin);
        else {
            bpstart = strlen(leadin);
            /* Cap leadin at (DSHS_LINE_BLEN - 70) characters */
            if (bpstart > (DSHS_LINE_BLEN - 70))
                bpstart = DSHS_LINE_BLEN - 70;
        }
    }
    bpos = bpstart;
    prior_ascii_len = bpstart + (DSHS_BPL * 3) + 1;
    memset(buff, ' ', DSHS_LINE_BLEN);
    buff[DSHS_LINE_BLEN] = '\0';
    if (bpstart > 0)
        memcpy(buff, leadin, bpstart);
    for (k = 0; k < len; k++) {
        uint8_t c = *p++;

        if (bpos == (bpstart + ((DSHS_BPL / 2) * 3)))
            bpos++;     /* for extra space in middle of each line's hex */
        sg_scnpr(buff + bpos, (int)sizeof(buff) - bpos, "%.2x",
                 (int)(uint8_t)c);
        buff[bpos + 2] = ' ';
        if (want_ascii)
            a[k % DSHS_BPL] = my_isprint(c) ? c : '.';
        if ((k > 0) && (0 == ((k + 1) % DSHS_BPL))) {
            trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
            if (want_ascii) {
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, "%-*s   %s\n",
                              prior_ascii_len, buff, a);
                memset(a, ' ', DSHS_BPL);
            } else
                n += sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, "%s%s", buff, lf_or);
            if (n >= (b_len - 1))
                goto fini;
            memset(buff, ' ', DSHS_LINE_BLEN);
            bpos = bpstart;
            if (bpstart > 0)
                memcpy(buff, leadin, bpstart);
        } else
            bpos += 3;
    }
    if (bpos > bpstart) {
        trimTrailingSpaces(buff);
        if (want_ascii)
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, "%-*s   %s\n", prior_ascii_len,
                          buff, a);
        else
            n += sg_scnpr(b + n, b_len - n, "%s%s", buff, lf_or);
    }
fini:
    if (oformat > 1)
        n = trimTrailingSpaces(b);
    return n;
}

void
hex2stdout(const uint8_t * b_str, int len, int no_ascii)
{
    dStrHex((const char *)b_str, len, no_ascii);
}

void
hex2stderr(const uint8_t * b_str, int len, int no_ascii)
{
    dStrHexErr((const char *)b_str, len, no_ascii);
}

int
hex2str(const uint8_t * b_str, int len, const char * leadin, int oformat,
        int b_len, char * b)
{
    return dStrHexStr((const char *)b_str, len, leadin, oformat, b_len, b);
}

void
hex2fp(const uint8_t * b_str, int len, const char * leadin, int oformat,
       FILE * fp)
{
    int k, num;
    char b[800];        /* allow for 4 lines of 16 bytes (in hex) each */

    if (leadin && (strlen(leadin) > 118)) {
        fprintf(fp, ">>> leadin parameter is too large\n");
        return;
    }
    for (k = 0; k < len; k += num) {
        num = ((k + 64) < len) ? 64 : (len - k);
        hex2str(b_str + k, num, leadin, oformat, sizeof(b), b);
        fprintf(fp, "%s", b);
    }
}

/* Returns true when executed on big endian machine; else returns false.
 * Useful for displaying ATA identify words (which need swapping on a
 * big endian machine). */
bool
sg_is_big_endian()
{
    union u_t {
        uint16_t s;
        uint8_t c[sizeof(uint16_t)];
    } u;

    u.s = 0x0102;
    return (u.c[0] == 0x01);     /* The lowest address contains
                                    the most significant byte */
}

bool
sg_all_zeros(const uint8_t * bp, int b_len)
{
    if ((NULL == bp) || (b_len <= 0))
        return false;
    for (--b_len; b_len >= 0; --b_len) {
        if (0x0 != bp[b_len])
            return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool
sg_all_ffs(const uint8_t * bp, int b_len)
{
    if ((NULL == bp) || (b_len <= 0))
        return false;
    for (--b_len; b_len >= 0; --b_len) {
        if (0xff != bp[b_len])
            return false;
    }
    return true;
}

static uint16_t
swapb_uint16(uint16_t u)
{
    uint16_t r;

    r = (u >> 8) & 0xff;
    r |= ((u & 0xff) << 8);
    return r;
}

/* Note the ASCII-hex output goes to stdout. [Most other output from functions
 * in this file go to sg_warnings_strm (default stderr).]
 * 'no_ascii' allows for 3 output types:
 *     > 0     each line has address then up to 8 ASCII-hex 16 bit words
 *     = 0     in addition, the ASCI bytes pairs are listed to the right
 *     = -1    only the ASCII-hex words are listed (i.e. without address)
 *     = -2    only the ASCII-hex words, formatted for "hdparm --Istdin"
 *     < -2    same as -1
 * If 'swapb' is true then bytes in each word swapped. Needs to be set
 * for ATA IDENTIFY DEVICE response on big-endian machines. */
void
dWordHex(const uint16_t* words, int num, int no_ascii, bool swapb)
{
    const uint16_t * p = words;
    uint16_t c;
    char buff[82];
    uint8_t upp, low;
    int a = 0;
    const int bpstart = 3;
    const int cpstart = 52;
    int cpos = cpstart;
    int bpos = bpstart;
    int i, k, blen;

    if (num <= 0)
        return;
    blen = (int)sizeof(buff);
    memset(buff, ' ', 80);
    buff[80] = '\0';
    if (no_ascii < 0) {
        for (k = 0; k < num; k++) {
            c = *p++;
            if (swapb)
                c = swapb_uint16(c);
            bpos += 5;
            sg_scnpr(buff + bpos, blen - bpos, "%.4x", (my_uint)c);
            buff[bpos + 4] = ' ';
            if ((k > 0) && (0 == ((k + 1) % 8))) {
                if (-2 == no_ascii)
                    printf("%.39s\n", buff +8);
                else
                    printf("%.47s\n", buff);
                bpos = bpstart;
                memset(buff, ' ', 80);
            }
        }
        if (bpos > bpstart) {
            if (-2 == no_ascii)
                printf("%.39s\n", buff +8);
            else
                printf("%.47s\n", buff);
        }
        return;
    }
    /* no_ascii>=0, start each line with address (offset) */
    k = sg_scnpr(buff + 1, blen - 1, "%.2x", a);
    buff[k + 1] = ' ';

    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        c = *p++;
        if (swapb)
            c = swapb_uint16(c);
        bpos += 5;
        sg_scnpr(buff + bpos, blen - bpos, "%.4x", (my_uint)c);
        buff[bpos + 4] = ' ';
        if (no_ascii) {
            buff[cpos++] = ' ';
            buff[cpos++] = ' ';
            buff[cpos++] = ' ';
        } else {
            upp = (c >> 8) & 0xff;
            low = c & 0xff;
            if (! my_isprint(upp))
                upp = '.';
            buff[cpos++] = upp;
            if (! my_isprint(low))
                low = '.';
            buff[cpos++] = low;
            buff[cpos++] = ' ';
        }
        if (cpos > (cpstart + 23)) {
            printf("%.76s\n", buff);
            bpos = bpstart;
            cpos = cpstart;
            a += 8;
            memset(buff, ' ', 80);
            k = sg_scnpr(buff + 1, blen - 1, "%.2x", a);
            buff[k + 1] = ' ';
        }
    }
    if (cpos > cpstart)
        printf("%.76s\n", buff);
}

/* If the number in 'buf' can not be decoded or the multiplier is unknown
 * then -1 is returned. Accepts a hex prefix (0x or 0X) or a decimal
 * multiplier suffix (as per GNU's dd (since 2002: SI and IEC 60027-2)).
 * Main (SI) multipliers supported: K, M, G. Ignore leading spaces and
 * tabs; accept comma, hyphen, space, tab and hash as terminator.
 * Handles zero and positive values up to 2**31-1 .
 * Experimental: left argument (must in with hexadecimal digit) added
 * to, or multiplied, by right argument. No embedded spaces.
 * Examples: '3+1k' (evaluates to 1027) and '0x34+1m'. */
int
sg_get_num(const char * buf)
{
    bool is_hex = false;
    int res, num, n, len;
    unsigned int unum;
    char * cp;
    const char * b;
    const char * b2p;
    char c = 'c';
    char c2 = '\0';     /* keep static checker happy */
    char c3 = '\0';     /* keep static checker happy */
    char lb[16];

    if ((NULL == buf) || ('\0' == buf[0]))
        return -1;
    len = strlen(buf);
    n = strspn(buf, " \t");
    if (n > 0) {
        if (n == len)
            return -1;
        buf += n;
        len -= n;
    }
    /* following hack to keep C++ happy */
    cp = strpbrk((char *)buf, " \t,#-");
    if (cp) {
        len = cp - buf;
        n = (int)sizeof(lb) - 1;
        len = (len < n) ? len : n;
        memcpy(lb, buf, len);
        lb[len] = '\0';
        b = lb;
    } else
        b = buf;

    b2p = b;
    if (('0' == b[0]) && (('x' == b[1]) || ('X' == b[1]))) {
        res = sscanf(b + 2, "%x%c", &unum, &c);
        num = unum;
        is_hex = true;
        b2p = b + 2;
    } else if ('H' == toupper((int)b[len - 1])) {
        res = sscanf(b, "%x", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else
        res = sscanf(b, "%d%c%c%c", &num, &c, &c2, &c3);

    if (res < 1)
        return -1;
    else if (1 == res)
        return num;
    else {
        c = toupper((int)c);
        if (is_hex) {
            if (! ((c == '+') || (c == 'X')))
                return -1;
        }
        if (res > 2)
            c2 = toupper((int)c2);
        if (res > 3)
            c3 = toupper((int)c3);

        switch (c) {
        case 'C':
            return num;
        case 'W':
            return num * 2;
        case 'B':
            return num * 512;
        case 'K':
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1024;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1024;
            return -1;
        case 'M':
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1048576;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1048576;
            return -1;
        case 'G':
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1073741824;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1073741824;
            return -1;
        case 'X':       /* experimental: multiplication */
            /* left argument must end with hexadecimal digit */
            cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, 'x');
            if (NULL == cp)
                cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, 'X');
            if (cp) {
                n = sg_get_num(cp + 1);
                if (-1 != n)
                    return num * n;
            }
            return -1;
        case '+':       /* experimental: addition */
            /* left argument must end with hexadecimal digit */
            cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, '+');
            if (cp) {
                n = sg_get_num(cp + 1);
                if (-1 != n)
                    return num + n;
            }
            return -1;
        default:
            pr2ws("unrecognized multiplier\n");
            return -1;
        }
    }
}

/* If the number in 'buf' can not be decoded then -1 is returned. Accepts a
 * hex prefix (0x or 0X) or a 'h' (or 'H') suffix; otherwise decimal is
 * assumed. Does not accept multipliers. Accept a comma (","), hyphen ("-"),
 * a whitespace or newline as terminator. */
int
sg_get_num_nomult(const char * buf)
{
    int res, len, num;
    unsigned int unum;
    char * commap;

    if ((NULL == buf) || ('\0' == buf[0]))
        return -1;
    len = strlen(buf);
    commap = (char *)strchr(buf + 1, ',');
    if (('0' == buf[0]) && (('x' == buf[1]) || ('X' == buf[1]))) {
        res = sscanf(buf + 2, "%x", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else if (commap && ('H' == toupper((int)*(commap - 1)))) {
        res = sscanf(buf, "%x", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else if ((NULL == commap) && ('H' == toupper((int)buf[len - 1]))) {
        res = sscanf(buf, "%x", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else
        res = sscanf(buf, "%d", &num);
    if (1 == res)
        return num;
    else
        return -1;
}

/* If the number in 'buf' can not be decoded or the multiplier is unknown
 * then -1LL is returned. Accepts a hex prefix (0x or 0X), hex suffix
 * (h or H), or a decimal multiplier suffix (as per GNU's dd (since 2002:
 * SI and IEC 60027-2)).  Main (SI) multipliers supported: K, M, G, T, P
 * and E. Ignore leading spaces and tabs; accept comma, hyphen, space, tab
 * and hash as terminator. Handles zero and positive values up to 2**63-1 .
 * Experimental: left argument (must in with hexadecimal digit) added
 * to, or multiplied by right argument. No embedded spaces.
 * Examples: '3+1k' (evaluates to 1027) and '0x34+1m'. */
int64_t
sg_get_llnum(const char * buf)
{
    bool is_hex = false;
    int res, len, n;
    int64_t num, ll;
    uint64_t unum;
    char * cp;
    const char * b;
    const char * b2p;
    char c = 'c';
    char c2 = '\0';     /* keep static checker happy */
    char c3 = '\0';     /* keep static checker happy */
    char lb[32];

    if ((NULL == buf) || ('\0' == buf[0]))
        return -1LL;
    len = strlen(buf);
    n = strspn(buf, " \t");
    if (n > 0) {
        if (n == len)
            return -1LL;
        buf += n;
        len -= n;
    }
    /* following cast hack to keep C++ happy */
    cp = strpbrk((char *)buf, " \t,#-");
    if (cp) {
        len = cp - buf;
        n = (int)sizeof(lb) - 1;
        len = (len < n) ? len : n;
        memcpy(lb, buf, len);
        lb[len] = '\0';
        b = lb;
    } else
        b = buf;

    b2p = b;
    if (('0' == b[0]) && (('x' == b[1]) || ('X' == b[1]))) {
        res = sscanf(b + 2, "%" SCNx64 "%c", &unum, &c);
        num = unum;
        is_hex = true;
        b2p = b + 2;
    } else if ('H' == toupper((int)b[len - 1])) {
        res = sscanf(b, "%" SCNx64 , &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else
        res = sscanf(b, "%" SCNd64 "%c%c%c", &num, &c, &c2, &c3);

    if (res < 1)
        return -1LL;
    else if (1 == res)
        return num;
    else {
        c = toupper((int)c);
        if (is_hex) {
            if (! ((c == '+') || (c == 'X')))
                return -1;
        }
        if (res > 2)
            c2 = toupper((int)c2);
        if (res > 3)
            c3 = toupper((int)c3);

        switch (c) {
        case 'C':
            return num;
        case 'W':
            return num * 2;
        case 'B':
            return num * 512;
        case 'K':       /* kilo or kibi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1024;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1024;      /* KiB */
            return -1LL;
        case 'M':       /* mega or mebi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1048576;   /* M */
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000;   /* MB */
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1048576;   /* MiB */
            return -1LL;
        case 'G':       /* giga or gibi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1073741824;        /* G */
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000000;        /* GB */
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1073741824;        /* GiB */
            return -1LL;
        case 'T':       /* tera or tebi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1099511627776LL;   /* T */
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000000000LL;   /* TB */
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1099511627776LL;   /* TiB */
            return -1LL;
        case 'P':       /* peta or pebi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1099511627776LL * 1024;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000000000LL * 1000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1099511627776LL * 1024;
            return -1LL;
        case 'E':       /* exa or exbi */
            if (2 == res)
                return num * 1099511627776LL * 1024 * 1024;
            if (('B' == c2) || ('D' == c2))
                return num * 1000000000000LL * 1000 * 1000;
            if (('I' == c2) && (4 == res) && ('B' == c3))
                return num * 1099511627776LL * 1024 * 1024;
            return -1LL;
        case 'X':       /* experimental: decimal (left arg) multiplication */
            cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, 'x');
            if (NULL == cp)
                cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, 'X');
            if (cp) {
                ll = sg_get_llnum(cp + 1);
                if (-1LL != ll)
                    return num * ll;
            }
            return -1LL;
        case '+':       /* experimental: decimal (left arg) addition */
            cp = (char *)strchr(b2p, '+');
            if (cp) {
                ll = sg_get_llnum(cp + 1);
                if (-1LL != ll)
                    return num + ll;
            }
            return -1LL;
        default:
            pr2ws("unrecognized multiplier\n");
            return -1LL;
        }
    }
}

/* If the number in 'buf' can not be decoded then -1 is returned. Accepts a
 * hex prefix (0x or 0X) or a 'h' (or 'H') suffix; otherwise decimal is
 * assumed. Does not accept multipliers. Accept a comma (","), hyphen ("-"),
 * a whitespace or newline as terminator. Only decimal numbers can represent
 * negative numbers and '-1' must be treated separately. */
int64_t
sg_get_llnum_nomult(const char * buf)
{
    int res, len;
    int64_t num;
    uint64_t unum;

    if ((NULL == buf) || ('\0' == buf[0]))
        return -1;
    len = strlen(buf);
    if (('0' == buf[0]) && (('x' == buf[1]) || ('X' == buf[1]))) {
        res = sscanf(buf + 2, "%" SCNx64 "", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else if ('H' == toupper(buf[len - 1])) {
        res = sscanf(buf, "%" SCNx64 "", &unum);
        num = unum;
    } else
        res = sscanf(buf, "%" SCNd64 "", &num);
    return (1 == res) ? num : -1;
}

#define MAX_NUM_ASCII_LINES 1048576

/* Read ASCII hex bytes or binary from fname (a file named '-' taken as
 * stdin). If reading ASCII hex then there should be either one entry per
 * line or a comma, space, hyphen or tab separated list of bytes. If no_space
 * is set then a string of ACSII hex digits is expected, 2 perbyte.
 * Everything from and including a '#' on a line is ignored. Returns 0 if ok,
 * or an error code. If the error code is SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE then mp_arr
 * would be exceeded and both mp_arr and mp_arr_len are written to.
 * The max_arr_len_and argument may carry extra information: when it
 * is negative its absolute value is used for the maximum number of bytes to
 * write to mp_arr _and_ the first hexadecimal value on each line is skipped.
 * Many hexadecimal output programs place a running address (index) as the
 * first field on each line. When as_binary and/or no_space are true, the
 * absolute value of max_arr_len_and is used. */
int
sg_f2hex_arr(const char * fname, bool as_binary, bool no_space,
             uint8_t * mp_arr, int * mp_arr_len, int max_arr_len_and)
{
    bool has_stdin, split_line, skip_first, redo_first;
    int fn_len, in_len, k, j, m, fd, err, max_arr_len;
    int off = 0;
    int ret = 0;
    unsigned int h;
    const char * lcp;
    FILE * fp = NULL;
    struct stat a_stat;
    char line[512];
    char carry_over[4];

    if ((NULL == fname) || (NULL == mp_arr) || (NULL == mp_arr_len)) {
        pr2ws("%s: bad arguments\n", __func__);
        return SG_LIB_LOGIC_ERROR;
    }
    if (max_arr_len_and < 0) {
        skip_first = true;
        max_arr_len = -max_arr_len_and;
    } else {
        skip_first = false;
        max_arr_len = max_arr_len_and;
    }
    fn_len = strlen(fname);
    if (0 == fn_len)
        return SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
    has_stdin = ((1 == fn_len) && ('-' == fname[0]));   /* read from stdin */
    if (as_binary) {
        if (has_stdin)
            fd = STDIN_FILENO;
        else {
            fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY);
            if (fd < 0) {
                err = errno;
                pr2ws("unable to open binary file %s: %s\n", fname,
                         safe_strerror(err));
                return sg_convert_errno(err);
            }
        }
        k = read(fd, mp_arr, max_arr_len);
        if (k <= 0) {
            if (0 == k) {
                ret = SG_LIB_FILE_ERROR;
                pr2ws("read 0 bytes from binary file %s\n", fname);
            } else {
                ret = sg_convert_errno(errno);
                pr2ws("read from binary file %s: %s\n", fname,
                        safe_strerror(errno));
            }
        } else if ((k < max_arr_len) && (0 == fstat(fd, &a_stat)) &&
                   S_ISFIFO(a_stat.st_mode)) {
            /* pipe; keep reading till error or 0 read */
            while (k < max_arr_len) {
                m = read(fd, mp_arr + k, max_arr_len - k);
                if (0 == m)
                   break;
                if (m < 0) {
                    err = errno;
                    pr2ws("read from binary pipe %s: %s\n", fname,
                            safe_strerror(err));
                    ret = sg_convert_errno(err);
                    break;
                }
                k += m;
            }
        }
        if (k >= 0)
            *mp_arr_len = k;
        if ((fd >= 0) && (! has_stdin))
            close(fd);
        return ret;
    }

    /* So read the file as ASCII hex */
    if (has_stdin)
        fp = stdin;
    else {
        fp = fopen(fname, "r");
        if (NULL == fp) {
            err = errno;
            pr2ws("Unable to open %s for reading: %s\n", fname,
                    safe_strerror(err));
            ret = sg_convert_errno(err);
            goto fini;
        }
    }

    carry_over[0] = 0;
    for (j = 0; j < MAX_NUM_ASCII_LINES; ++j) {
        if (NULL == fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp))
            break;
        in_len = strlen(line);
        if (in_len > 0) {
            if ('\n' == line[in_len - 1]) {
                --in_len;
                line[in_len] = '\0';
                split_line = false;
            } else
                split_line = true;
        }
        if (in_len < 1) {
            carry_over[0] = 0;
            continue;
        }
        if (carry_over[0]) {
            if (isxdigit(line[0])) {
                carry_over[1] = line[0];
                carry_over[2] = '\0';
                if (1 == sscanf(carry_over, "%4x", &h)) {
                    if (off > 0) {
                        if (off > max_arr_len) {
                            pr2ws("%s: array length exceeded\n", __func__);
                            ret = SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE;
                            *mp_arr_len = max_arr_len;
                            goto fini;
                        } else
                            mp_arr[off - 1] = h; /* back up and overwrite */
                    }
                } else {
                    pr2ws("%s: carry_over error ['%s'] around line %d\n",
                            __func__, carry_over, j + 1);
                    ret = SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
                    goto fini;
                }
                lcp = line + 1;
                --in_len;
            } else
                lcp = line;
            carry_over[0] = 0;
        } else
            lcp = line;

        m = strspn(lcp, " \t");
        if (m == in_len)
            continue;
        lcp += m;
        in_len -= m;
        if ('#' == *lcp)
            continue;
        k = strspn(lcp, "0123456789aAbBcCdDeEfF ,-\t");
        if ((k < in_len) && ('#' != lcp[k]) && ('\r' != lcp[k])) {
            pr2ws("%s: syntax error at line %d, pos %d\n", __func__,
                    j + 1, m + k + 1);
            ret = SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
            goto fini;
        }
        if (no_space) {
            for (k = 0; isxdigit(*lcp) && isxdigit(*(lcp + 1));
                 ++k, lcp += 2) {
                if (1 != sscanf(lcp, "%2x", &h)) {
                    pr2ws("%s: bad hex number in line %d, pos %d\n",
                            __func__, j + 1, (int)(lcp - line + 1));
                    ret = SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
                    goto fini;
                }
                if ((off + k) >= max_arr_len) {
                    pr2ws("%s: array length exceeded\n", __func__);
                    *mp_arr_len = max_arr_len;
                    ret = SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE;
                    goto fini;
                } else
                    mp_arr[off + k] = h;
            }
            if (isxdigit(*lcp) && (! isxdigit(*(lcp + 1))))
                carry_over[0] = *lcp;
            off += k;
        } else {        /* (white)space separated ASCII hexadecimal bytes */
            for (redo_first = false, k = 0; k < 1024;
                 k = (redo_first ? k : k + 1)) {
                if (1 == sscanf(lcp, "%10x", &h)) {
                    if (h > 0xff) {
                        pr2ws("%s: hex number larger than 0xff in line "
                                "%d, pos %d\n", __func__, j + 1,
                                (int)(lcp - line + 1));
                        ret = SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
                        goto fini;
                    }
                    if (split_line && (1 == strlen(lcp))) {
                        /* single trailing hex digit might be a split pair */
                        carry_over[0] = *lcp;
                    }
                    if ((off + k) >= max_arr_len) {
                        pr2ws("%s: array length exceeded\n", __func__);
                        ret = SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE;
                        *mp_arr_len = max_arr_len;
                        goto fini;
                    } else if ((0 == k) && skip_first && (! redo_first))
                        redo_first = true;
                    else {
                        redo_first = false;
                        mp_arr[off + k] = h;
                    }
                    lcp = strpbrk(lcp, " ,-\t");
                    if (NULL == lcp)
                        break;
                    lcp += strspn(lcp, " ,-\t");
                    if ('\0' == *lcp)
                        break;
                } else {
                    if (('#' == *lcp) || ('\r' == *lcp)) {
                        --k;
                        break;
                    }
                    pr2ws("%s: error in line %d, at pos %d\n", __func__,
                            j + 1, (int)(lcp - line + 1));
                    ret = SG_LIB_SYNTAX_ERROR;
                    goto fini;
                }
            }
            off += (k + 1);
        }
    }           /* end of per line loop */
    if (j >= MAX_NUM_ASCII_LINES) {
        pr2ws("%s: wow, more than %d lines of ASCII, give up\n", __func__,
              SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE);
        return SG_LIB_LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE;
    }
    *mp_arr_len = off;
    if (fp && (! has_stdin))
        fclose(fp);
    return 0;
fini:
    if (fp && (! has_stdin))
        fclose(fp);
    return ret;
}

/* Extract character sequence from ATA words as in the model string
 * in a IDENTIFY DEVICE response. Returns number of characters
 * written to 'ochars' before 0 character is found or 'num' words
 * are processed. */
int
sg_ata_get_chars(const uint16_t * word_arr, int start_word,
                 int num_words, bool is_big_endian, char * ochars)
{
    int k;
    char * op = ochars;

    for (k = start_word; k < (start_word + num_words); ++k) {
        char a, b;
        uint16_t s = word_arr[k];

        if (is_big_endian) {
            a = s & 0xff;
            b = (s >> 8) & 0xff;
        } else {
            a = (s >> 8) & 0xff;
            b = s & 0xff;
        }
        if (a == 0)
            break;
        *op++ = a;
        if (b == 0)
            break;
        *op++ = b;
    }
    return op - ochars;
}

#ifdef SG_LIB_FREEBSD
#include <sys/param.h>
#elif defined(SG_LIB_WIN32)
#include <windows.h>
#endif

uint32_t
sg_get_page_size(void)
{
#if defined(HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
    {
        long res = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);   /* POSIX.1 (was getpagesize()) */

        return (res <= 0) ? 4096 : res;
    }
#elif defined(SG_LIB_WIN32)
    static bool got_page_size = false;
    static uint32_t win_page_size;

    if (! got_page_size) {
        SYSTEM_INFO si;

        GetSystemInfo(&si);
        win_page_size = si.dwPageSize;
        got_page_size = true;
    }
    return win_page_size;
#elif defined(SG_LIB_FREEBSD)
    return PAGE_SIZE;
#else
    return 4096;     /* give up, pick likely figure */
#endif
}

#if defined(SG_LIB_WIN32)
#if defined(MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
/* windows.h already included above */
#define sg_sleep_for(seconds)    Sleep( (seconds) * 1000)
#else
#define sg_sleep_for(seconds)    sleep(seconds)
#endif
#else
#define sg_sleep_for(seconds)    sleep(seconds)
#endif

void
sg_sleep_secs(int num_secs)
{
    sg_sleep_for(num_secs);
}

void
sg_warn_and_wait(const char * cmd_name, const char * dev_name,
                 bool stress_all)
{
    int k, j;
    const char * stressp = stress_all ? "ALL d" : "D";
    const char * will_mayp = stress_all ? "will" : "may";

    for (k = 0, j = 15; k < 3; ++k, j -= 5) {
        printf("\nA %s command will commence in %d seconds\n", cmd_name, j);
        printf("    %sata on %s %s be DESTROYED%s\n", stressp, dev_name,
               will_mayp, (stress_all ? "" : " or modified"));
        printf("        Press control-C to abort\n");
        sg_sleep_secs(5);
    }
    sg_sleep_secs(1);
}

/* Returns pointer to heap (or NULL) that is aligned to a align_to byte
 * boundary. Sends back *buff_to_free pointer in third argument that may be
 * different from the return value. If it is different then the *buff_to_free
 * pointer should be freed (rather than the returned value) when the heap is
 * no longer needed. If align_to is 0 then aligns to OS's page size. Sets all
 * returned heap to zeros. If num_bytes is 0 then set to page size. */
uint8_t *
sg_memalign(uint32_t num_bytes, uint32_t align_to, uint8_t ** buff_to_free,
            bool vb)
{
    size_t psz;

    if (buff_to_free)   /* make sure buff_to_free is NULL if alloc fails */
        *buff_to_free = NULL;
    psz = (align_to > 0) ? align_to : sg_get_page_size();
    if (0 == num_bytes)
        num_bytes = psz;        /* ugly to handle otherwise */

#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_MEMALIGN
    {
        int err;
        uint8_t * res;
        void * wp = NULL;

        err = posix_memalign(&wp, psz, num_bytes);
        if (err || (NULL == wp)) {
            pr2ws("%s: posix_memalign: error [%d], out of memory?\n",
                  __func__, err);
            return NULL;
        }
        memset(wp, 0, num_bytes);
        if (buff_to_free)
            *buff_to_free = (uint8_t *)wp;
        res = (uint8_t *)wp;
        if (vb) {
            pr2ws("%s: posix_ma, len=%d, ", __func__, num_bytes);
            if (buff_to_free)
                pr2ws("wrkBuffp=%p, ", (void *)res);
            pr2ws("psz=%u, rp=%p\n", (unsigned int)psz, (void *)res);
        }
        return res;
    }
#else
    {
        void * wrkBuff;
        uint8_t * res;
        sg_uintptr_t align_1 = psz - 1;

        wrkBuff = (uint8_t *)calloc(num_bytes + psz, 1);
        if (NULL == wrkBuff) {
            if (buff_to_free)
                *buff_to_free = NULL;
            return NULL;
        } else if (buff_to_free)
            *buff_to_free = (uint8_t *)wrkBuff;
        res = (uint8_t *)(void *)
            (((sg_uintptr_t)wrkBuff + align_1) & (~align_1));
        if (vb) {
            pr2ws("%s: hack, len=%d, ", __func__, num_bytes);
            if (buff_to_free)
                pr2ws("buff_to_free=%p, ", wrkBuff);
            pr2ws("align_1=%" PRIuPTR "u, rp=%p\n", align_1, (void *)res);
        }
        return res;
    }
#endif
}

/* If byte_count is 0 or less then the OS page size is used as denominator.
 * Returns true  if the remainder of ((unsigned)pointer % byte_count) is 0,
 * else returns false. */
bool
sg_is_aligned(const void * pointer, int byte_count)
{
    return 0 == ((sg_uintptr_t)pointer %
                 ((byte_count > 0) ? (uint32_t)byte_count :
                                     sg_get_page_size()));
}

/* Does similar job to sg_get_unaligned_be*() but this function starts at
 * a given start_bit (i.e. within byte, so 7 is MSbit of byte and 0 is LSbit)
 * offset. Maximum number of num_bits is 64. For example, these two
 * invocations are equivalent (and should yield the same result);
 *       sg_get_big_endian(from_bp, 7, 16)
 *       sg_get_unaligned_be16(from_bp)  */
uint64_t
sg_get_big_endian(const uint8_t * from_bp, int start_bit /* 0 to 7 */,
                  int num_bits /* 1 to 64 */)
{
    uint64_t res;
    int sbit_o1 = start_bit + 1;

    res = (*from_bp++ & ((1 << sbit_o1) - 1));
    num_bits -= sbit_o1;
    while (num_bits > 0) {
        res <<= 8;
        res |= *from_bp++;
        num_bits -= 8;
    }
    if (num_bits < 0)
        res >>= (-num_bits);
    return res;
}

/* Does similar job to sg_put_unaligned_be*() but this function starts at
 * a given start_bit offset. Maximum number of num_bits is 64. Preserves
 * residual bits in partially written bytes. start_bit 7 is MSb. */
void
sg_set_big_endian(uint64_t val, uint8_t * to,
                  int start_bit /* 0 to 7 */, int num_bits /* 1 to 64 */)
{
    int sbit_o1 = start_bit + 1;
    int mask, num, k, x;

    if ((NULL == to) || (start_bit > 7) || (num_bits > 64)) {
        pr2ws("%s: bad args: start_bit=%d, num_bits=%d\n", __func__,
              start_bit, num_bits);
        return;
    }
    mask = (8 != sbit_o1) ? ((1 << sbit_o1) - 1) : 0xff;
    k = start_bit - ((num_bits - 1) % 8);
    if (0 != k)
        val <<= ((k > 0) ? k : (8 + k));
    num = (num_bits + 15 - sbit_o1) / 8;
    for (k = 0; k < num; ++k) {
        if ((sbit_o1 - num_bits) > 0)
            mask &= ~((1 << (sbit_o1 - num_bits)) - 1);
        if (k < (num - 1))
            x = (val >> ((num - k - 1) * 8)) & 0xff;
        else
            x = val & 0xff;
        to[k] = (to[k] & ~mask) | (x & mask);
        mask = 0xff;
        num_bits -= sbit_o1;
        sbit_o1 = 8;
    }
}

const char *
sg_lib_version()
{
    return sg_lib_version_str;
}


#ifdef SG_LIB_MINGW
/* Non Unix OSes distinguish between text and binary files.
   Set text mode on fd. Does nothing in Unix. Returns negative number on
   failure. */

#include <fcntl.h>

int
sg_set_text_mode(int fd)
{
    return setmode(fd, O_TEXT);
}

/* Set binary mode on fd. Does nothing in Unix. Returns negative number on
   failure. */
int
sg_set_binary_mode(int fd)
{
    return setmode(fd, O_BINARY);
}

#else
/* For Unix the following functions are dummies. */
int
sg_set_text_mode(int fd)
{
    return fd;  /* fd should be >= 0 */
}

int
sg_set_binary_mode(int fd)
{
    return fd;
}

#endif