1// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
2// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
3// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
4
5package template
6
7import (
8	"bytes"
9	"errors"
10	"flag"
11	"fmt"
12	"io"
13	"reflect"
14	"strings"
15	"sync"
16	"testing"
17)
18
19var debug = flag.Bool("debug", false, "show the errors produced by the tests")
20
21// T has lots of interesting pieces to use to test execution.
22type T struct {
23	// Basics
24	True        bool
25	I           int
26	U16         uint16
27	X, S        string
28	FloatZero   float64
29	ComplexZero complex128
30	// Nested structs.
31	U *U
32	// Struct with String method.
33	V0     V
34	V1, V2 *V
35	// Struct with Error method.
36	W0     W
37	W1, W2 *W
38	// Slices
39	SI      []int
40	SICap   []int
41	SIEmpty []int
42	SB      []bool
43	// Arrays
44	AI [3]int
45	// Maps
46	MSI      map[string]int
47	MSIone   map[string]int // one element, for deterministic output
48	MSIEmpty map[string]int
49	MXI      map[any]int
50	MII      map[int]int
51	MI32S    map[int32]string
52	MI64S    map[int64]string
53	MUI32S   map[uint32]string
54	MUI64S   map[uint64]string
55	MI8S     map[int8]string
56	MUI8S    map[uint8]string
57	SMSI     []map[string]int
58	// Empty interfaces; used to see if we can dig inside one.
59	Empty0 any // nil
60	Empty1 any
61	Empty2 any
62	Empty3 any
63	Empty4 any
64	// Non-empty interfaces.
65	NonEmptyInterface         I
66	NonEmptyInterfacePtS      *I
67	NonEmptyInterfaceNil      I
68	NonEmptyInterfaceTypedNil I
69	// Stringer.
70	Str fmt.Stringer
71	Err error
72	// Pointers
73	PI  *int
74	PS  *string
75	PSI *[]int
76	NIL *int
77	// Function (not method)
78	BinaryFunc             func(string, string) string
79	VariadicFunc           func(...string) string
80	VariadicFuncInt        func(int, ...string) string
81	NilOKFunc              func(*int) bool
82	ErrFunc                func() (string, error)
83	PanicFunc              func() string
84	TooFewReturnCountFunc  func()
85	TooManyReturnCountFunc func() (string, error, int)
86	InvalidReturnTypeFunc  func() (string, bool)
87	// Template to test evaluation of templates.
88	Tmpl *Template
89	// Unexported field; cannot be accessed by template.
90	unexported int
91}
92
93type S []string
94
95func (S) Method0() string {
96	return "M0"
97}
98
99type U struct {
100	V string
101}
102
103type V struct {
104	j int
105}
106
107func (v *V) String() string {
108	if v == nil {
109		return "nilV"
110	}
111	return fmt.Sprintf("<%d>", v.j)
112}
113
114type W struct {
115	k int
116}
117
118func (w *W) Error() string {
119	if w == nil {
120		return "nilW"
121	}
122	return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]", w.k)
123}
124
125var siVal = I(S{"a", "b"})
126
127var tVal = &T{
128	True:   true,
129	I:      17,
130	U16:    16,
131	X:      "x",
132	S:      "xyz",
133	U:      &U{"v"},
134	V0:     V{6666},
135	V1:     &V{7777}, // leave V2 as nil
136	W0:     W{888},
137	W1:     &W{999}, // leave W2 as nil
138	SI:     []int{3, 4, 5},
139	SICap:  make([]int, 5, 10),
140	AI:     [3]int{3, 4, 5},
141	SB:     []bool{true, false},
142	MSI:    map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3},
143	MSIone: map[string]int{"one": 1},
144	MXI:    map[any]int{"one": 1},
145	MII:    map[int]int{1: 1},
146	MI32S:  map[int32]string{1: "one", 2: "two"},
147	MI64S:  map[int64]string{2: "i642", 3: "i643"},
148	MUI32S: map[uint32]string{2: "u322", 3: "u323"},
149	MUI64S: map[uint64]string{2: "ui642", 3: "ui643"},
150	MI8S:   map[int8]string{2: "i82", 3: "i83"},
151	MUI8S:  map[uint8]string{2: "u82", 3: "u83"},
152	SMSI: []map[string]int{
153		{"one": 1, "two": 2},
154		{"eleven": 11, "twelve": 12},
155	},
156	Empty1:                    3,
157	Empty2:                    "empty2",
158	Empty3:                    []int{7, 8},
159	Empty4:                    &U{"UinEmpty"},
160	NonEmptyInterface:         &T{X: "x"},
161	NonEmptyInterfacePtS:      &siVal,
162	NonEmptyInterfaceTypedNil: (*T)(nil),
163	Str:                       bytes.NewBuffer([]byte("foozle")),
164	Err:                       errors.New("erroozle"),
165	PI:                        newInt(23),
166	PS:                        newString("a string"),
167	PSI:                       newIntSlice(21, 22, 23),
168	BinaryFunc:                func(a, b string) string { return fmt.Sprintf("[%s=%s]", a, b) },
169	VariadicFunc:              func(s ...string) string { return fmt.Sprint("<", strings.Join(s, "+"), ">") },
170	VariadicFuncInt:           func(a int, s ...string) string { return fmt.Sprint(a, "=<", strings.Join(s, "+"), ">") },
171	NilOKFunc:                 func(s *int) bool { return s == nil },
172	ErrFunc:                   func() (string, error) { return "bla", nil },
173	PanicFunc:                 func() string { panic("test panic") },
174	TooFewReturnCountFunc:     func() {},
175	TooManyReturnCountFunc:    func() (string, error, int) { return "", nil, 0 },
176	InvalidReturnTypeFunc:     func() (string, bool) { return "", false },
177	Tmpl:                      Must(New("x").Parse("test template")), // "x" is the value of .X
178}
179
180var tSliceOfNil = []*T{nil}
181
182// A non-empty interface.
183type I interface {
184	Method0() string
185}
186
187var iVal I = tVal
188
189// Helpers for creation.
190func newInt(n int) *int {
191	return &n
192}
193
194func newString(s string) *string {
195	return &s
196}
197
198func newIntSlice(n ...int) *[]int {
199	p := new([]int)
200	*p = make([]int, len(n))
201	copy(*p, n)
202	return p
203}
204
205// Simple methods with and without arguments.
206func (t *T) Method0() string {
207	return "M0"
208}
209
210func (t *T) Method1(a int) int {
211	return a
212}
213
214func (t *T) Method2(a uint16, b string) string {
215	return fmt.Sprintf("Method2: %d %s", a, b)
216}
217
218func (t *T) Method3(v any) string {
219	return fmt.Sprintf("Method3: %v", v)
220}
221
222func (t *T) Copy() *T {
223	n := new(T)
224	*n = *t
225	return n
226}
227
228func (t *T) MAdd(a int, b []int) []int {
229	v := make([]int, len(b))
230	for i, x := range b {
231		v[i] = x + a
232	}
233	return v
234}
235
236var myError = errors.New("my error")
237
238// MyError returns a value and an error according to its argument.
239func (t *T) MyError(error bool) (bool, error) {
240	if error {
241		return true, myError
242	}
243	return false, nil
244}
245
246// A few methods to test chaining.
247func (t *T) GetU() *U {
248	return t.U
249}
250
251func (u *U) TrueFalse(b bool) string {
252	if b {
253		return "true"
254	}
255	return ""
256}
257
258func typeOf(arg any) string {
259	return fmt.Sprintf("%T", arg)
260}
261
262type execTest struct {
263	name   string
264	input  string
265	output string
266	data   any
267	ok     bool
268}
269
270// bigInt and bigUint are hex string representing numbers either side
271// of the max int boundary.
272// We do it this way so the test doesn't depend on ints being 32 bits.
273var (
274	bigInt  = fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", int(1<<uint(reflect.TypeFor[int]().Bits()-1)-1))
275	bigUint = fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", uint(1<<uint(reflect.TypeFor[int]().Bits()-1)))
276)
277
278var execTests = []execTest{
279	// Trivial cases.
280	{"empty", "", "", nil, true},
281	{"text", "some text", "some text", nil, true},
282	{"nil action", "{{nil}}", "", nil, false},
283
284	// Ideal constants.
285	{"ideal int", "{{typeOf 3}}", "int", 0, true},
286	{"ideal float", "{{typeOf 1.0}}", "float64", 0, true},
287	{"ideal exp float", "{{typeOf 1e1}}", "float64", 0, true},
288	{"ideal complex", "{{typeOf 1i}}", "complex128", 0, true},
289	{"ideal int", "{{typeOf " + bigInt + "}}", "int", 0, true},
290	{"ideal too big", "{{typeOf " + bigUint + "}}", "", 0, false},
291	{"ideal nil without type", "{{nil}}", "", 0, false},
292
293	// Fields of structs.
294	{".X", "-{{.X}}-", "-x-", tVal, true},
295	{".U.V", "-{{.U.V}}-", "-v-", tVal, true},
296	{".unexported", "{{.unexported}}", "", tVal, false},
297
298	// Fields on maps.
299	{"map .one", "{{.MSI.one}}", "1", tVal, true},
300	{"map .two", "{{.MSI.two}}", "2", tVal, true},
301	{"map .NO", "{{.MSI.NO}}", "<no value>", tVal, true},
302	{"map .one interface", "{{.MXI.one}}", "1", tVal, true},
303	{"map .WRONG args", "{{.MSI.one 1}}", "", tVal, false},
304	{"map .WRONG type", "{{.MII.one}}", "", tVal, false},
305
306	// Dots of all kinds to test basic evaluation.
307	{"dot int", "<{{.}}>", "<13>", 13, true},
308	{"dot uint", "<{{.}}>", "<14>", uint(14), true},
309	{"dot float", "<{{.}}>", "<15.1>", 15.1, true},
310	{"dot bool", "<{{.}}>", "<true>", true, true},
311	{"dot complex", "<{{.}}>", "<(16.2-17i)>", 16.2 - 17i, true},
312	{"dot string", "<{{.}}>", "<hello>", "hello", true},
313	{"dot slice", "<{{.}}>", "<[-1 -2 -3]>", []int{-1, -2, -3}, true},
314	{"dot map", "<{{.}}>", "<map[two:22]>", map[string]int{"two": 22}, true},
315	{"dot struct", "<{{.}}>", "<{7 seven}>", struct {
316		a int
317		b string
318	}{7, "seven"}, true},
319
320	// Variables.
321	{"$ int", "{{$}}", "123", 123, true},
322	{"$.I", "{{$.I}}", "17", tVal, true},
323	{"$.U.V", "{{$.U.V}}", "v", tVal, true},
324	{"declare in action", "{{$x := $.U.V}}{{$x}}", "v", tVal, true},
325	{"simple assignment", "{{$x := 2}}{{$x = 3}}{{$x}}", "3", tVal, true},
326	{"nested assignment",
327		"{{$x := 2}}{{if true}}{{$x = 3}}{{end}}{{$x}}",
328		"3", tVal, true},
329	{"nested assignment changes the last declaration",
330		"{{$x := 1}}{{if true}}{{$x := 2}}{{if true}}{{$x = 3}}{{end}}{{end}}{{$x}}",
331		"1", tVal, true},
332
333	// Type with String method.
334	{"V{6666}.String()", "-{{.V0}}-", "-<6666>-", tVal, true},
335	{"&V{7777}.String()", "-{{.V1}}-", "-<7777>-", tVal, true},
336	{"(*V)(nil).String()", "-{{.V2}}-", "-nilV-", tVal, true},
337
338	// Type with Error method.
339	{"W{888}.Error()", "-{{.W0}}-", "-[888]-", tVal, true},
340	{"&W{999}.Error()", "-{{.W1}}-", "-[999]-", tVal, true},
341	{"(*W)(nil).Error()", "-{{.W2}}-", "-nilW-", tVal, true},
342
343	// Pointers.
344	{"*int", "{{.PI}}", "23", tVal, true},
345	{"*string", "{{.PS}}", "a string", tVal, true},
346	{"*[]int", "{{.PSI}}", "[21 22 23]", tVal, true},
347	{"*[]int[1]", "{{index .PSI 1}}", "22", tVal, true},
348	{"NIL", "{{.NIL}}", "<nil>", tVal, true},
349
350	// Empty interfaces holding values.
351	{"empty nil", "{{.Empty0}}", "<no value>", tVal, true},
352	{"empty with int", "{{.Empty1}}", "3", tVal, true},
353	{"empty with string", "{{.Empty2}}", "empty2", tVal, true},
354	{"empty with slice", "{{.Empty3}}", "[7 8]", tVal, true},
355	{"empty with struct", "{{.Empty4}}", "{UinEmpty}", tVal, true},
356	{"empty with struct, field", "{{.Empty4.V}}", "UinEmpty", tVal, true},
357
358	// Edge cases with <no value> with an interface value
359	{"field on interface", "{{.foo}}", "<no value>", nil, true},
360	{"field on parenthesized interface", "{{(.).foo}}", "<no value>", nil, true},
361
362	// Issue 31810: Parenthesized first element of pipeline with arguments.
363	// See also TestIssue31810.
364	{"unparenthesized non-function", "{{1 2}}", "", nil, false},
365	{"parenthesized non-function", "{{(1) 2}}", "", nil, false},
366	{"parenthesized non-function with no args", "{{(1)}}", "1", nil, true}, // This is fine.
367
368	// Method calls.
369	{".Method0", "-{{.Method0}}-", "-M0-", tVal, true},
370	{".Method1(1234)", "-{{.Method1 1234}}-", "-1234-", tVal, true},
371	{".Method1(.I)", "-{{.Method1 .I}}-", "-17-", tVal, true},
372	{".Method2(3, .X)", "-{{.Method2 3 .X}}-", "-Method2: 3 x-", tVal, true},
373	{".Method2(.U16, `str`)", "-{{.Method2 .U16 `str`}}-", "-Method2: 16 str-", tVal, true},
374	{".Method2(.U16, $x)", "{{if $x := .X}}-{{.Method2 .U16 $x}}{{end}}-", "-Method2: 16 x-", tVal, true},
375	{".Method3(nil constant)", "-{{.Method3 nil}}-", "-Method3: <nil>-", tVal, true},
376	{".Method3(nil value)", "-{{.Method3 .MXI.unset}}-", "-Method3: <nil>-", tVal, true},
377	{"method on var", "{{if $x := .}}-{{$x.Method2 .U16 $x.X}}{{end}}-", "-Method2: 16 x-", tVal, true},
378	{"method on chained var",
379		"{{range .MSIone}}{{if $.U.TrueFalse $.True}}{{$.U.TrueFalse $.True}}{{else}}WRONG{{end}}{{end}}",
380		"true", tVal, true},
381	{"chained method",
382		"{{range .MSIone}}{{if $.GetU.TrueFalse $.True}}{{$.U.TrueFalse $.True}}{{else}}WRONG{{end}}{{end}}",
383		"true", tVal, true},
384	{"chained method on variable",
385		"{{with $x := .}}{{with .SI}}{{$.GetU.TrueFalse $.True}}{{end}}{{end}}",
386		"true", tVal, true},
387	{".NilOKFunc not nil", "{{call .NilOKFunc .PI}}", "false", tVal, true},
388	{".NilOKFunc nil", "{{call .NilOKFunc nil}}", "true", tVal, true},
389	{"method on nil value from slice", "-{{range .}}{{.Method1 1234}}{{end}}-", "-1234-", tSliceOfNil, true},
390	{"method on typed nil interface value", "{{.NonEmptyInterfaceTypedNil.Method0}}", "M0", tVal, true},
391
392	// Function call builtin.
393	{".BinaryFunc", "{{call .BinaryFunc `1` `2`}}", "[1=2]", tVal, true},
394	{".VariadicFunc0", "{{call .VariadicFunc}}", "<>", tVal, true},
395	{".VariadicFunc2", "{{call .VariadicFunc `he` `llo`}}", "<he+llo>", tVal, true},
396	{".VariadicFuncInt", "{{call .VariadicFuncInt 33 `he` `llo`}}", "33=<he+llo>", tVal, true},
397	{"if .BinaryFunc call", "{{ if .BinaryFunc}}{{call .BinaryFunc `1` `2`}}{{end}}", "[1=2]", tVal, true},
398	{"if not .BinaryFunc call", "{{ if not .BinaryFunc}}{{call .BinaryFunc `1` `2`}}{{else}}No{{end}}", "No", tVal, true},
399	{"Interface Call", `{{stringer .S}}`, "foozle", map[string]any{"S": bytes.NewBufferString("foozle")}, true},
400	{".ErrFunc", "{{call .ErrFunc}}", "bla", tVal, true},
401	{"call nil", "{{call nil}}", "", tVal, false},
402
403	// Erroneous function calls (check args).
404	{".BinaryFuncTooFew", "{{call .BinaryFunc `1`}}", "", tVal, false},
405	{".BinaryFuncTooMany", "{{call .BinaryFunc `1` `2` `3`}}", "", tVal, false},
406	{".BinaryFuncBad0", "{{call .BinaryFunc 1 3}}", "", tVal, false},
407	{".BinaryFuncBad1", "{{call .BinaryFunc `1` 3}}", "", tVal, false},
408	{".VariadicFuncBad0", "{{call .VariadicFunc 3}}", "", tVal, false},
409	{".VariadicFuncIntBad0", "{{call .VariadicFuncInt}}", "", tVal, false},
410	{".VariadicFuncIntBad`", "{{call .VariadicFuncInt `x`}}", "", tVal, false},
411	{".VariadicFuncNilBad", "{{call .VariadicFunc nil}}", "", tVal, false},
412
413	// Pipelines.
414	{"pipeline", "-{{.Method0 | .Method2 .U16}}-", "-Method2: 16 M0-", tVal, true},
415	{"pipeline func", "-{{call .VariadicFunc `llo` | call .VariadicFunc `he` }}-", "-<he+<llo>>-", tVal, true},
416
417	// Nil values aren't missing arguments.
418	{"nil pipeline", "{{ .Empty0 | call .NilOKFunc }}", "true", tVal, true},
419	{"nil call arg", "{{ call .NilOKFunc .Empty0 }}", "true", tVal, true},
420	{"bad nil pipeline", "{{ .Empty0 | .VariadicFunc }}", "", tVal, false},
421
422	// Parenthesized expressions
423	{"parens in pipeline", "{{printf `%d %d %d` (1) (2 | add 3) (add 4 (add 5 6))}}", "1 5 15", tVal, true},
424
425	// Parenthesized expressions with field accesses
426	{"parens: $ in paren", "{{($).X}}", "x", tVal, true},
427	{"parens: $.GetU in paren", "{{($.GetU).V}}", "v", tVal, true},
428	{"parens: $ in paren in pipe", "{{($ | echo).X}}", "x", tVal, true},
429	{"parens: spaces and args", `{{(makemap "up" "down" "left" "right").left}}`, "right", tVal, true},
430
431	// If.
432	{"if true", "{{if true}}TRUE{{end}}", "TRUE", tVal, true},
433	{"if false", "{{if false}}TRUE{{else}}FALSE{{end}}", "FALSE", tVal, true},
434	{"if nil", "{{if nil}}TRUE{{end}}", "", tVal, false},
435	{"if on typed nil interface value", "{{if .NonEmptyInterfaceTypedNil}}TRUE{{ end }}", "", tVal, true},
436	{"if 1", "{{if 1}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "NON-ZERO", tVal, true},
437	{"if 0", "{{if 0}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
438	{"if 1.5", "{{if 1.5}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "NON-ZERO", tVal, true},
439	{"if 0.0", "{{if .FloatZero}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
440	{"if 1.5i", "{{if 1.5i}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "NON-ZERO", tVal, true},
441	{"if 0.0i", "{{if .ComplexZero}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
442	{"if emptystring", "{{if ``}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
443	{"if string", "{{if `notempty`}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "NON-EMPTY", tVal, true},
444	{"if emptyslice", "{{if .SIEmpty}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
445	{"if slice", "{{if .SI}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "NON-EMPTY", tVal, true},
446	{"if emptymap", "{{if .MSIEmpty}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
447	{"if map", "{{if .MSI}}NON-EMPTY{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "NON-EMPTY", tVal, true},
448	{"if map unset", "{{if .MXI.none}}NON-ZERO{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
449	{"if map not unset", "{{if not .MXI.none}}ZERO{{else}}NON-ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
450	{"if $x with $y int", "{{if $x := true}}{{with $y := .I}}{{$x}},{{$y}}{{end}}{{end}}", "true,17", tVal, true},
451	{"if $x with $x int", "{{if $x := true}}{{with $x := .I}}{{$x}},{{end}}{{$x}}{{end}}", "17,true", tVal, true},
452	{"if else if", "{{if false}}FALSE{{else if true}}TRUE{{end}}", "TRUE", tVal, true},
453	{"if else chain", "{{if eq 1 3}}1{{else if eq 2 3}}2{{else if eq 3 3}}3{{end}}", "3", tVal, true},
454
455	// Print etc.
456	{"print", `{{print "hello, print"}}`, "hello, print", tVal, true},
457	{"print 123", `{{print 1 2 3}}`, "1 2 3", tVal, true},
458	{"print nil", `{{print nil}}`, "<nil>", tVal, true},
459	{"println", `{{println 1 2 3}}`, "1 2 3\n", tVal, true},
460	{"printf int", `{{printf "%04x" 127}}`, "007f", tVal, true},
461	{"printf float", `{{printf "%g" 3.5}}`, "3.5", tVal, true},
462	{"printf complex", `{{printf "%g" 1+7i}}`, "(1+7i)", tVal, true},
463	{"printf string", `{{printf "%s" "hello"}}`, "hello", tVal, true},
464	{"printf function", `{{printf "%#q" zeroArgs}}`, "`zeroArgs`", tVal, true},
465	{"printf field", `{{printf "%s" .U.V}}`, "v", tVal, true},
466	{"printf method", `{{printf "%s" .Method0}}`, "M0", tVal, true},
467	{"printf dot", `{{with .I}}{{printf "%d" .}}{{end}}`, "17", tVal, true},
468	{"printf var", `{{with $x := .I}}{{printf "%d" $x}}{{end}}`, "17", tVal, true},
469	{"printf lots", `{{printf "%d %s %g %s" 127 "hello" 7-3i .Method0}}`, "127 hello (7-3i) M0", tVal, true},
470
471	// HTML.
472	{"html", `{{html "<script>alert(\"XSS\");</script>"}}`,
473		"&lt;script&gt;alert(&#34;XSS&#34;);&lt;/script&gt;", nil, true},
474	{"html pipeline", `{{printf "<script>alert(\"XSS\");</script>" | html}}`,
475		"&lt;script&gt;alert(&#34;XSS&#34;);&lt;/script&gt;", nil, true},
476	{"html", `{{html .PS}}`, "a string", tVal, true},
477	{"html typed nil", `{{html .NIL}}`, "&lt;nil&gt;", tVal, true},
478	{"html untyped nil", `{{html .Empty0}}`, "&lt;no value&gt;", tVal, true},
479
480	// JavaScript.
481	{"js", `{{js .}}`, `It\'d be nice.`, `It'd be nice.`, true},
482
483	// URL query.
484	{"urlquery", `{{"http://www.example.org/"|urlquery}}`, "http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.org%2F", nil, true},
485
486	// Booleans
487	{"not", "{{not true}} {{not false}}", "false true", nil, true},
488	{"and", "{{and false 0}} {{and 1 0}} {{and 0 true}} {{and 1 1}}", "false 0 0 1", nil, true},
489	{"or", "{{or 0 0}} {{or 1 0}} {{or 0 true}} {{or 1 1}}", "0 1 true 1", nil, true},
490	{"or short-circuit", "{{or 0 1 (die)}}", "1", nil, true},
491	{"and short-circuit", "{{and 1 0 (die)}}", "0", nil, true},
492	{"or short-circuit2", "{{or 0 0 (die)}}", "", nil, false},
493	{"and short-circuit2", "{{and 1 1 (die)}}", "", nil, false},
494	{"and pipe-true", "{{1 | and 1}}", "1", nil, true},
495	{"and pipe-false", "{{0 | and 1}}", "0", nil, true},
496	{"or pipe-true", "{{1 | or 0}}", "1", nil, true},
497	{"or pipe-false", "{{0 | or 0}}", "0", nil, true},
498	{"and undef", "{{and 1 .Unknown}}", "<no value>", nil, true},
499	{"or undef", "{{or 0 .Unknown}}", "<no value>", nil, true},
500	{"boolean if", "{{if and true 1 `hi`}}TRUE{{else}}FALSE{{end}}", "TRUE", tVal, true},
501	{"boolean if not", "{{if and true 1 `hi` | not}}TRUE{{else}}FALSE{{end}}", "FALSE", nil, true},
502	{"boolean if pipe", "{{if true | not | and 1}}TRUE{{else}}FALSE{{end}}", "FALSE", nil, true},
503
504	// Indexing.
505	{"slice[0]", "{{index .SI 0}}", "3", tVal, true},
506	{"slice[1]", "{{index .SI 1}}", "4", tVal, true},
507	{"slice[HUGE]", "{{index .SI 10}}", "", tVal, false},
508	{"slice[WRONG]", "{{index .SI `hello`}}", "", tVal, false},
509	{"slice[nil]", "{{index .SI nil}}", "", tVal, false},
510	{"map[one]", "{{index .MSI `one`}}", "1", tVal, true},
511	{"map[two]", "{{index .MSI `two`}}", "2", tVal, true},
512	{"map[NO]", "{{index .MSI `XXX`}}", "0", tVal, true},
513	{"map[nil]", "{{index .MSI nil}}", "", tVal, false},
514	{"map[``]", "{{index .MSI ``}}", "0", tVal, true},
515	{"map[WRONG]", "{{index .MSI 10}}", "", tVal, false},
516	{"double index", "{{index .SMSI 1 `eleven`}}", "11", tVal, true},
517	{"nil[1]", "{{index nil 1}}", "", tVal, false},
518	{"map MI64S", "{{index .MI64S 2}}", "i642", tVal, true},
519	{"map MI32S", "{{index .MI32S 2}}", "two", tVal, true},
520	{"map MUI64S", "{{index .MUI64S 3}}", "ui643", tVal, true},
521	{"map MI8S", "{{index .MI8S 3}}", "i83", tVal, true},
522	{"map MUI8S", "{{index .MUI8S 2}}", "u82", tVal, true},
523	{"index of an interface field", "{{index .Empty3 0}}", "7", tVal, true},
524
525	// Slicing.
526	{"slice[:]", "{{slice .SI}}", "[3 4 5]", tVal, true},
527	{"slice[1:]", "{{slice .SI 1}}", "[4 5]", tVal, true},
528	{"slice[1:2]", "{{slice .SI 1 2}}", "[4]", tVal, true},
529	{"slice[-1:]", "{{slice .SI -1}}", "", tVal, false},
530	{"slice[1:-2]", "{{slice .SI 1 -2}}", "", tVal, false},
531	{"slice[1:2:-1]", "{{slice .SI 1 2 -1}}", "", tVal, false},
532	{"slice[2:1]", "{{slice .SI 2 1}}", "", tVal, false},
533	{"slice[2:2:1]", "{{slice .SI 2 2 1}}", "", tVal, false},
534	{"out of range", "{{slice .SI 4 5}}", "", tVal, false},
535	{"out of range", "{{slice .SI 2 2 5}}", "", tVal, false},
536	{"len(s) < indexes < cap(s)", "{{slice .SICap 6 10}}", "[0 0 0 0]", tVal, true},
537	{"len(s) < indexes < cap(s)", "{{slice .SICap 6 10 10}}", "[0 0 0 0]", tVal, true},
538	{"indexes > cap(s)", "{{slice .SICap 10 11}}", "", tVal, false},
539	{"indexes > cap(s)", "{{slice .SICap 6 10 11}}", "", tVal, false},
540	{"array[:]", "{{slice .AI}}", "[3 4 5]", tVal, true},
541	{"array[1:]", "{{slice .AI 1}}", "[4 5]", tVal, true},
542	{"array[1:2]", "{{slice .AI 1 2}}", "[4]", tVal, true},
543	{"string[:]", "{{slice .S}}", "xyz", tVal, true},
544	{"string[0:1]", "{{slice .S 0 1}}", "x", tVal, true},
545	{"string[1:]", "{{slice .S 1}}", "yz", tVal, true},
546	{"string[1:2]", "{{slice .S 1 2}}", "y", tVal, true},
547	{"out of range", "{{slice .S 1 5}}", "", tVal, false},
548	{"3-index slice of string", "{{slice .S 1 2 2}}", "", tVal, false},
549	{"slice of an interface field", "{{slice .Empty3 0 1}}", "[7]", tVal, true},
550
551	// Len.
552	{"slice", "{{len .SI}}", "3", tVal, true},
553	{"map", "{{len .MSI }}", "3", tVal, true},
554	{"len of int", "{{len 3}}", "", tVal, false},
555	{"len of nothing", "{{len .Empty0}}", "", tVal, false},
556	{"len of an interface field", "{{len .Empty3}}", "2", tVal, true},
557
558	// With.
559	{"with true", "{{with true}}{{.}}{{end}}", "true", tVal, true},
560	{"with false", "{{with false}}{{.}}{{else}}FALSE{{end}}", "FALSE", tVal, true},
561	{"with 1", "{{with 1}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "1", tVal, true},
562	{"with 0", "{{with 0}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
563	{"with 1.5", "{{with 1.5}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "1.5", tVal, true},
564	{"with 0.0", "{{with .FloatZero}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
565	{"with 1.5i", "{{with 1.5i}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "(0+1.5i)", tVal, true},
566	{"with 0.0i", "{{with .ComplexZero}}{{.}}{{else}}ZERO{{end}}", "ZERO", tVal, true},
567	{"with emptystring", "{{with ``}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
568	{"with string", "{{with `notempty`}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "notempty", tVal, true},
569	{"with emptyslice", "{{with .SIEmpty}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
570	{"with slice", "{{with .SI}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "[3 4 5]", tVal, true},
571	{"with emptymap", "{{with .MSIEmpty}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
572	{"with map", "{{with .MSIone}}{{.}}{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "map[one:1]", tVal, true},
573	{"with empty interface, struct field", "{{with .Empty4}}{{.V}}{{end}}", "UinEmpty", tVal, true},
574	{"with $x int", "{{with $x := .I}}{{$x}}{{end}}", "17", tVal, true},
575	{"with $x struct.U.V", "{{with $x := $}}{{$x.U.V}}{{end}}", "v", tVal, true},
576	{"with variable and action", "{{with $x := $}}{{$y := $.U.V}}{{$y}}{{end}}", "v", tVal, true},
577	{"with on typed nil interface value", "{{with .NonEmptyInterfaceTypedNil}}TRUE{{ end }}", "", tVal, true},
578	{"with else with", "{{with 0}}{{.}}{{else with true}}{{.}}{{end}}", "true", tVal, true},
579	{"with else with chain", "{{with 0}}{{.}}{{else with false}}{{.}}{{else with `notempty`}}{{.}}{{end}}", "notempty", tVal, true},
580
581	// Range.
582	{"range []int", "{{range .SI}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "-3--4--5-", tVal, true},
583	{"range empty no else", "{{range .SIEmpty}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "", tVal, true},
584	{"range []int else", "{{range .SI}}-{{.}}-{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "-3--4--5-", tVal, true},
585	{"range empty else", "{{range .SIEmpty}}-{{.}}-{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
586	{"range []int break else", "{{range .SI}}-{{.}}-{{break}}NOTREACHED{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "-3-", tVal, true},
587	{"range []int continue else", "{{range .SI}}-{{.}}-{{continue}}NOTREACHED{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "-3--4--5-", tVal, true},
588	{"range []bool", "{{range .SB}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "-true--false-", tVal, true},
589	{"range []int method", "{{range .SI | .MAdd .I}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "-20--21--22-", tVal, true},
590	{"range map", "{{range .MSI}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "-1--3--2-", tVal, true},
591	{"range empty map no else", "{{range .MSIEmpty}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "", tVal, true},
592	{"range map else", "{{range .MSI}}-{{.}}-{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "-1--3--2-", tVal, true},
593	{"range empty map else", "{{range .MSIEmpty}}-{{.}}-{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "EMPTY", tVal, true},
594	{"range empty interface", "{{range .Empty3}}-{{.}}-{{else}}EMPTY{{end}}", "-7--8-", tVal, true},
595	{"range empty nil", "{{range .Empty0}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "", tVal, true},
596	{"range $x SI", "{{range $x := .SI}}<{{$x}}>{{end}}", "<3><4><5>", tVal, true},
597	{"range $x $y SI", "{{range $x, $y := .SI}}<{{$x}}={{$y}}>{{end}}", "<0=3><1=4><2=5>", tVal, true},
598	{"range $x MSIone", "{{range $x := .MSIone}}<{{$x}}>{{end}}", "<1>", tVal, true},
599	{"range $x $y MSIone", "{{range $x, $y := .MSIone}}<{{$x}}={{$y}}>{{end}}", "<one=1>", tVal, true},
600	{"range $x PSI", "{{range $x := .PSI}}<{{$x}}>{{end}}", "<21><22><23>", tVal, true},
601	{"declare in range", "{{range $x := .PSI}}<{{$foo:=$x}}{{$x}}>{{end}}", "<21><22><23>", tVal, true},
602	{"range count", `{{range $i, $x := count 5}}[{{$i}}]{{$x}}{{end}}`, "[0]a[1]b[2]c[3]d[4]e", tVal, true},
603	{"range nil count", `{{range $i, $x := count 0}}{{else}}empty{{end}}`, "empty", tVal, true},
604
605	// Cute examples.
606	{"or as if true", `{{or .SI "slice is empty"}}`, "[3 4 5]", tVal, true},
607	{"or as if false", `{{or .SIEmpty "slice is empty"}}`, "slice is empty", tVal, true},
608
609	// Error handling.
610	{"error method, error", "{{.MyError true}}", "", tVal, false},
611	{"error method, no error", "{{.MyError false}}", "false", tVal, true},
612
613	// Numbers
614	{"decimal", "{{print 1234}}", "1234", tVal, true},
615	{"decimal _", "{{print 12_34}}", "1234", tVal, true},
616	{"binary", "{{print 0b101}}", "5", tVal, true},
617	{"binary _", "{{print 0b_1_0_1}}", "5", tVal, true},
618	{"BINARY", "{{print 0B101}}", "5", tVal, true},
619	{"octal0", "{{print 0377}}", "255", tVal, true},
620	{"octal", "{{print 0o377}}", "255", tVal, true},
621	{"octal _", "{{print 0o_3_7_7}}", "255", tVal, true},
622	{"OCTAL", "{{print 0O377}}", "255", tVal, true},
623	{"hex", "{{print 0x123}}", "291", tVal, true},
624	{"hex _", "{{print 0x1_23}}", "291", tVal, true},
625	{"HEX", "{{print 0X123ABC}}", "1194684", tVal, true},
626	{"float", "{{print 123.4}}", "123.4", tVal, true},
627	{"float _", "{{print 0_0_1_2_3.4}}", "123.4", tVal, true},
628	{"hex float", "{{print +0x1.ep+2}}", "7.5", tVal, true},
629	{"hex float _", "{{print +0x_1.e_0p+0_2}}", "7.5", tVal, true},
630	{"HEX float", "{{print +0X1.EP+2}}", "7.5", tVal, true},
631	{"print multi", "{{print 1_2_3_4 7.5_00_00_00}}", "1234 7.5", tVal, true},
632	{"print multi2", "{{print 1234 0x0_1.e_0p+02}}", "1234 7.5", tVal, true},
633
634	// Fixed bugs.
635	// Must separate dot and receiver; otherwise args are evaluated with dot set to variable.
636	{"bug0", "{{range .MSIone}}{{if $.Method1 .}}X{{end}}{{end}}", "X", tVal, true},
637	// Do not loop endlessly in indirect for non-empty interfaces.
638	// The bug appears with *interface only; looped forever.
639	{"bug1", "{{.Method0}}", "M0", &iVal, true},
640	// Was taking address of interface field, so method set was empty.
641	{"bug2", "{{$.NonEmptyInterface.Method0}}", "M0", tVal, true},
642	// Struct values were not legal in with - mere oversight.
643	{"bug3", "{{with $}}{{.Method0}}{{end}}", "M0", tVal, true},
644	// Nil interface values in if.
645	{"bug4", "{{if .Empty0}}non-nil{{else}}nil{{end}}", "nil", tVal, true},
646	// Stringer.
647	{"bug5", "{{.Str}}", "foozle", tVal, true},
648	{"bug5a", "{{.Err}}", "erroozle", tVal, true},
649	// Args need to be indirected and dereferenced sometimes.
650	{"bug6a", "{{vfunc .V0 .V1}}", "vfunc", tVal, true},
651	{"bug6b", "{{vfunc .V0 .V0}}", "vfunc", tVal, true},
652	{"bug6c", "{{vfunc .V1 .V0}}", "vfunc", tVal, true},
653	{"bug6d", "{{vfunc .V1 .V1}}", "vfunc", tVal, true},
654	// Legal parse but illegal execution: non-function should have no arguments.
655	{"bug7a", "{{3 2}}", "", tVal, false},
656	{"bug7b", "{{$x := 1}}{{$x 2}}", "", tVal, false},
657	{"bug7c", "{{$x := 1}}{{3 | $x}}", "", tVal, false},
658	// Pipelined arg was not being type-checked.
659	{"bug8a", "{{3|oneArg}}", "", tVal, false},
660	{"bug8b", "{{4|dddArg 3}}", "", tVal, false},
661	// A bug was introduced that broke map lookups for lower-case names.
662	{"bug9", "{{.cause}}", "neglect", map[string]string{"cause": "neglect"}, true},
663	// Field chain starting with function did not work.
664	{"bug10", "{{mapOfThree.three}}-{{(mapOfThree).three}}", "3-3", 0, true},
665	// Dereferencing nil pointer while evaluating function arguments should not panic. Issue 7333.
666	{"bug11", "{{valueString .PS}}", "", T{}, false},
667	// 0xef gave constant type float64. Issue 8622.
668	{"bug12xe", "{{printf `%T` 0xef}}", "int", T{}, true},
669	{"bug12xE", "{{printf `%T` 0xEE}}", "int", T{}, true},
670	{"bug12Xe", "{{printf `%T` 0Xef}}", "int", T{}, true},
671	{"bug12XE", "{{printf `%T` 0XEE}}", "int", T{}, true},
672	// Chained nodes did not work as arguments. Issue 8473.
673	{"bug13", "{{print (.Copy).I}}", "17", tVal, true},
674	// Didn't protect against nil or literal values in field chains.
675	{"bug14a", "{{(nil).True}}", "", tVal, false},
676	{"bug14b", "{{$x := nil}}{{$x.anything}}", "", tVal, false},
677	{"bug14c", `{{$x := (1.0)}}{{$y := ("hello")}}{{$x.anything}}{{$y.true}}`, "", tVal, false},
678	// Didn't call validateType on function results. Issue 10800.
679	{"bug15", "{{valueString returnInt}}", "", tVal, false},
680	// Variadic function corner cases. Issue 10946.
681	{"bug16a", "{{true|printf}}", "", tVal, false},
682	{"bug16b", "{{1|printf}}", "", tVal, false},
683	{"bug16c", "{{1.1|printf}}", "", tVal, false},
684	{"bug16d", "{{'x'|printf}}", "", tVal, false},
685	{"bug16e", "{{0i|printf}}", "", tVal, false},
686	{"bug16f", "{{true|twoArgs \"xxx\"}}", "", tVal, false},
687	{"bug16g", "{{\"aaa\" |twoArgs \"bbb\"}}", "twoArgs=bbbaaa", tVal, true},
688	{"bug16h", "{{1|oneArg}}", "", tVal, false},
689	{"bug16i", "{{\"aaa\"|oneArg}}", "oneArg=aaa", tVal, true},
690	{"bug16j", "{{1+2i|printf \"%v\"}}", "(1+2i)", tVal, true},
691	{"bug16k", "{{\"aaa\"|printf }}", "aaa", tVal, true},
692	{"bug17a", "{{.NonEmptyInterface.X}}", "x", tVal, true},
693	{"bug17b", "-{{.NonEmptyInterface.Method1 1234}}-", "-1234-", tVal, true},
694	{"bug17c", "{{len .NonEmptyInterfacePtS}}", "2", tVal, true},
695	{"bug17d", "{{index .NonEmptyInterfacePtS 0}}", "a", tVal, true},
696	{"bug17e", "{{range .NonEmptyInterfacePtS}}-{{.}}-{{end}}", "-a--b-", tVal, true},
697
698	// More variadic function corner cases. Some runes would get evaluated
699	// as constant floats instead of ints. Issue 34483.
700	{"bug18a", "{{eq . '.'}}", "true", '.', true},
701	{"bug18b", "{{eq . 'e'}}", "true", 'e', true},
702	{"bug18c", "{{eq . 'P'}}", "true", 'P', true},
703
704	{"issue56490", "{{$i := 0}}{{$x := 0}}{{range $i = .AI}}{{end}}{{$i}}", "5", tVal, true},
705	{"issue60801", "{{$k := 0}}{{$v := 0}}{{range $k, $v = .AI}}{{$k}}={{$v}} {{end}}", "0=3 1=4 2=5 ", tVal, true},
706}
707
708func zeroArgs() string {
709	return "zeroArgs"
710}
711
712func oneArg(a string) string {
713	return "oneArg=" + a
714}
715
716func twoArgs(a, b string) string {
717	return "twoArgs=" + a + b
718}
719
720func dddArg(a int, b ...string) string {
721	return fmt.Sprintln(a, b)
722}
723
724// count returns a channel that will deliver n sequential 1-letter strings starting at "a"
725func count(n int) chan string {
726	if n == 0 {
727		return nil
728	}
729	c := make(chan string)
730	go func() {
731		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
732			c <- "abcdefghijklmnop"[i : i+1]
733		}
734		close(c)
735	}()
736	return c
737}
738
739// vfunc takes a *V and a V
740func vfunc(V, *V) string {
741	return "vfunc"
742}
743
744// valueString takes a string, not a pointer.
745func valueString(v string) string {
746	return "value is ignored"
747}
748
749// returnInt returns an int
750func returnInt() int {
751	return 7
752}
753
754func add(args ...int) int {
755	sum := 0
756	for _, x := range args {
757		sum += x
758	}
759	return sum
760}
761
762func echo(arg any) any {
763	return arg
764}
765
766func makemap(arg ...string) map[string]string {
767	if len(arg)%2 != 0 {
768		panic("bad makemap")
769	}
770	m := make(map[string]string)
771	for i := 0; i < len(arg); i += 2 {
772		m[arg[i]] = arg[i+1]
773	}
774	return m
775}
776
777func stringer(s fmt.Stringer) string {
778	return s.String()
779}
780
781func mapOfThree() any {
782	return map[string]int{"three": 3}
783}
784
785func testExecute(execTests []execTest, template *Template, t *testing.T) {
786	b := new(strings.Builder)
787	funcs := FuncMap{
788		"add":         add,
789		"count":       count,
790		"dddArg":      dddArg,
791		"die":         func() bool { panic("die") },
792		"echo":        echo,
793		"makemap":     makemap,
794		"mapOfThree":  mapOfThree,
795		"oneArg":      oneArg,
796		"returnInt":   returnInt,
797		"stringer":    stringer,
798		"twoArgs":     twoArgs,
799		"typeOf":      typeOf,
800		"valueString": valueString,
801		"vfunc":       vfunc,
802		"zeroArgs":    zeroArgs,
803	}
804	for _, test := range execTests {
805		var tmpl *Template
806		var err error
807		if template == nil {
808			tmpl, err = New(test.name).Funcs(funcs).Parse(test.input)
809		} else {
810			tmpl, err = template.New(test.name).Funcs(funcs).Parse(test.input)
811		}
812		if err != nil {
813			t.Errorf("%s: parse error: %s", test.name, err)
814			continue
815		}
816		b.Reset()
817		err = tmpl.Execute(b, test.data)
818		switch {
819		case !test.ok && err == nil:
820			t.Errorf("%s: expected error; got none", test.name)
821			continue
822		case test.ok && err != nil:
823			t.Errorf("%s: unexpected execute error: %s", test.name, err)
824			continue
825		case !test.ok && err != nil:
826			// expected error, got one
827			if *debug {
828				fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n\t%s\n", test.name, test.input, err)
829			}
830		}
831		result := b.String()
832		if result != test.output {
833			t.Errorf("%s: expected\n\t%q\ngot\n\t%q", test.name, test.output, result)
834		}
835	}
836}
837
838func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
839	testExecute(execTests, nil, t)
840}
841
842var delimPairs = []string{
843	"", "", // default
844	"{{", "}}", // same as default
845	"<<", ">>", // distinct
846	"|", "|", // same
847	"(日)", "(本)", // peculiar
848}
849
850func TestDelims(t *testing.T) {
851	const hello = "Hello, world"
852	var value = struct{ Str string }{hello}
853	for i := 0; i < len(delimPairs); i += 2 {
854		text := ".Str"
855		left := delimPairs[i+0]
856		trueLeft := left
857		right := delimPairs[i+1]
858		trueRight := right
859		if left == "" { // default case
860			trueLeft = "{{"
861		}
862		if right == "" { // default case
863			trueRight = "}}"
864		}
865		text = trueLeft + text + trueRight
866		// Now add a comment
867		text += trueLeft + "/*comment*/" + trueRight
868		// Now add  an action containing a string.
869		text += trueLeft + `"` + trueLeft + `"` + trueRight
870		// At this point text looks like `{{.Str}}{{/*comment*/}}{{"{{"}}`.
871		tmpl, err := New("delims").Delims(left, right).Parse(text)
872		if err != nil {
873			t.Fatalf("delim %q text %q parse err %s", left, text, err)
874		}
875		var b = new(strings.Builder)
876		err = tmpl.Execute(b, value)
877		if err != nil {
878			t.Fatalf("delim %q exec err %s", left, err)
879		}
880		if b.String() != hello+trueLeft {
881			t.Errorf("expected %q got %q", hello+trueLeft, b.String())
882		}
883	}
884}
885
886// Check that an error from a method flows back to the top.
887func TestExecuteError(t *testing.T) {
888	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
889	tmpl := New("error")
890	_, err := tmpl.Parse("{{.MyError true}}")
891	if err != nil {
892		t.Fatalf("parse error: %s", err)
893	}
894	err = tmpl.Execute(b, tVal)
895	if err == nil {
896		t.Errorf("expected error; got none")
897	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), myError.Error()) {
898		if *debug {
899			fmt.Printf("test execute error: %s\n", err)
900		}
901		t.Errorf("expected myError; got %s", err)
902	}
903}
904
905const execErrorText = `line 1
906line 2
907line 3
908{{template "one" .}}
909{{define "one"}}{{template "two" .}}{{end}}
910{{define "two"}}{{template "three" .}}{{end}}
911{{define "three"}}{{index "hi" $}}{{end}}`
912
913// Check that an error from a nested template contains all the relevant information.
914func TestExecError(t *testing.T) {
915	tmpl, err := New("top").Parse(execErrorText)
916	if err != nil {
917		t.Fatal("parse error:", err)
918	}
919	var b bytes.Buffer
920	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, 5) // 5 is out of range indexing "hi"
921	if err == nil {
922		t.Fatal("expected error")
923	}
924	const want = `template: top:7:20: executing "three" at <index "hi" $>: error calling index: index out of range: 5`
925	got := err.Error()
926	if got != want {
927		t.Errorf("expected\n%q\ngot\n%q", want, got)
928	}
929}
930
931type CustomError struct{}
932
933func (*CustomError) Error() string { return "heyo !" }
934
935// Check that a custom error can be returned.
936func TestExecError_CustomError(t *testing.T) {
937	failingFunc := func() (string, error) {
938		return "", &CustomError{}
939	}
940	tmpl := Must(New("top").Funcs(FuncMap{
941		"err": failingFunc,
942	}).Parse("{{ err }}"))
943
944	var b bytes.Buffer
945	err := tmpl.Execute(&b, nil)
946
947	var e *CustomError
948	if !errors.As(err, &e) {
949		t.Fatalf("expected custom error; got %s", err)
950	}
951}
952
953func TestJSEscaping(t *testing.T) {
954	testCases := []struct {
955		in, exp string
956	}{
957		{`a`, `a`},
958		{`'foo`, `\'foo`},
959		{`Go "jump" \`, `Go \"jump\" \\`},
960		{`Yukihiro says "今日は世界"`, `Yukihiro says \"今日は世界\"`},
961		{"unprintable \uFFFE", `unprintable \uFFFE`},
962		{`<html>`, `\u003Chtml\u003E`},
963		{`no = in attributes`, `no \u003D in attributes`},
964		{`&#x27; does not become HTML entity`, `\u0026#x27; does not become HTML entity`},
965	}
966	for _, tc := range testCases {
967		s := JSEscapeString(tc.in)
968		if s != tc.exp {
969			t.Errorf("JS escaping [%s] got [%s] want [%s]", tc.in, s, tc.exp)
970		}
971	}
972}
973
974// A nice example: walk a binary tree.
975
976type Tree struct {
977	Val         int
978	Left, Right *Tree
979}
980
981// Use different delimiters to test Set.Delims.
982// Also test the trimming of leading and trailing spaces.
983const treeTemplate = `
984	(- define "tree" -)
985	[
986		(- .Val -)
987		(- with .Left -)
988			(template "tree" . -)
989		(- end -)
990		(- with .Right -)
991			(- template "tree" . -)
992		(- end -)
993	]
994	(- end -)
995`
996
997func TestTree(t *testing.T) {
998	var tree = &Tree{
999		1,
1000		&Tree{
1001			2, &Tree{
1002				3,
1003				&Tree{
1004					4, nil, nil,
1005				},
1006				nil,
1007			},
1008			&Tree{
1009				5,
1010				&Tree{
1011					6, nil, nil,
1012				},
1013				nil,
1014			},
1015		},
1016		&Tree{
1017			7,
1018			&Tree{
1019				8,
1020				&Tree{
1021					9, nil, nil,
1022				},
1023				nil,
1024			},
1025			&Tree{
1026				10,
1027				&Tree{
1028					11, nil, nil,
1029				},
1030				nil,
1031			},
1032		},
1033	}
1034	tmpl, err := New("root").Delims("(", ")").Parse(treeTemplate)
1035	if err != nil {
1036		t.Fatal("parse error:", err)
1037	}
1038	var b strings.Builder
1039	const expect = "[1[2[3[4]][5[6]]][7[8[9]][10[11]]]]"
1040	// First by looking up the template.
1041	err = tmpl.Lookup("tree").Execute(&b, tree)
1042	if err != nil {
1043		t.Fatal("exec error:", err)
1044	}
1045	result := b.String()
1046	if result != expect {
1047		t.Errorf("expected %q got %q", expect, result)
1048	}
1049	// Then direct to execution.
1050	b.Reset()
1051	err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(&b, "tree", tree)
1052	if err != nil {
1053		t.Fatal("exec error:", err)
1054	}
1055	result = b.String()
1056	if result != expect {
1057		t.Errorf("expected %q got %q", expect, result)
1058	}
1059}
1060
1061func TestExecuteOnNewTemplate(t *testing.T) {
1062	// This is issue 3872.
1063	New("Name").Templates()
1064	// This is issue 11379.
1065	new(Template).Templates()
1066	new(Template).Parse("")
1067	new(Template).New("abc").Parse("")
1068	new(Template).Execute(nil, nil)                // returns an error (but does not crash)
1069	new(Template).ExecuteTemplate(nil, "XXX", nil) // returns an error (but does not crash)
1070}
1071
1072const testTemplates = `{{define "one"}}one{{end}}{{define "two"}}two{{end}}`
1073
1074func TestMessageForExecuteEmpty(t *testing.T) {
1075	// Test a truly empty template.
1076	tmpl := New("empty")
1077	var b bytes.Buffer
1078	err := tmpl.Execute(&b, 0)
1079	if err == nil {
1080		t.Fatal("expected initial error")
1081	}
1082	got := err.Error()
1083	want := `template: empty: "empty" is an incomplete or empty template`
1084	if got != want {
1085		t.Errorf("expected error %s got %s", want, got)
1086	}
1087	// Add a non-empty template to check that the error is helpful.
1088	tests, err := New("").Parse(testTemplates)
1089	if err != nil {
1090		t.Fatal(err)
1091	}
1092	tmpl.AddParseTree("secondary", tests.Tree)
1093	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, 0)
1094	if err == nil {
1095		t.Fatal("expected second error")
1096	}
1097	got = err.Error()
1098	want = `template: empty: "empty" is an incomplete or empty template`
1099	if got != want {
1100		t.Errorf("expected error %s got %s", want, got)
1101	}
1102	// Make sure we can execute the secondary.
1103	err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(&b, "secondary", 0)
1104	if err != nil {
1105		t.Fatal(err)
1106	}
1107}
1108
1109func TestFinalForPrintf(t *testing.T) {
1110	tmpl, err := New("").Parse(`{{"x" | printf}}`)
1111	if err != nil {
1112		t.Fatal(err)
1113	}
1114	var b bytes.Buffer
1115	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, 0)
1116	if err != nil {
1117		t.Fatal(err)
1118	}
1119}
1120
1121type cmpTest struct {
1122	expr  string
1123	truth string
1124	ok    bool
1125}
1126
1127var cmpTests = []cmpTest{
1128	{"eq true true", "true", true},
1129	{"eq true false", "false", true},
1130	{"eq 1+2i 1+2i", "true", true},
1131	{"eq 1+2i 1+3i", "false", true},
1132	{"eq 1.5 1.5", "true", true},
1133	{"eq 1.5 2.5", "false", true},
1134	{"eq 1 1", "true", true},
1135	{"eq 1 2", "false", true},
1136	{"eq `xy` `xy`", "true", true},
1137	{"eq `xy` `xyz`", "false", true},
1138	{"eq .Uthree .Uthree", "true", true},
1139	{"eq .Uthree .Ufour", "false", true},
1140	{"eq 3 4 5 6 3", "true", true},
1141	{"eq 3 4 5 6 7", "false", true},
1142	{"ne true true", "false", true},
1143	{"ne true false", "true", true},
1144	{"ne 1+2i 1+2i", "false", true},
1145	{"ne 1+2i 1+3i", "true", true},
1146	{"ne 1.5 1.5", "false", true},
1147	{"ne 1.5 2.5", "true", true},
1148	{"ne 1 1", "false", true},
1149	{"ne 1 2", "true", true},
1150	{"ne `xy` `xy`", "false", true},
1151	{"ne `xy` `xyz`", "true", true},
1152	{"ne .Uthree .Uthree", "false", true},
1153	{"ne .Uthree .Ufour", "true", true},
1154	{"lt 1.5 1.5", "false", true},
1155	{"lt 1.5 2.5", "true", true},
1156	{"lt 1 1", "false", true},
1157	{"lt 1 2", "true", true},
1158	{"lt `xy` `xy`", "false", true},
1159	{"lt `xy` `xyz`", "true", true},
1160	{"lt .Uthree .Uthree", "false", true},
1161	{"lt .Uthree .Ufour", "true", true},
1162	{"le 1.5 1.5", "true", true},
1163	{"le 1.5 2.5", "true", true},
1164	{"le 2.5 1.5", "false", true},
1165	{"le 1 1", "true", true},
1166	{"le 1 2", "true", true},
1167	{"le 2 1", "false", true},
1168	{"le `xy` `xy`", "true", true},
1169	{"le `xy` `xyz`", "true", true},
1170	{"le `xyz` `xy`", "false", true},
1171	{"le .Uthree .Uthree", "true", true},
1172	{"le .Uthree .Ufour", "true", true},
1173	{"le .Ufour .Uthree", "false", true},
1174	{"gt 1.5 1.5", "false", true},
1175	{"gt 1.5 2.5", "false", true},
1176	{"gt 1 1", "false", true},
1177	{"gt 2 1", "true", true},
1178	{"gt 1 2", "false", true},
1179	{"gt `xy` `xy`", "false", true},
1180	{"gt `xy` `xyz`", "false", true},
1181	{"gt .Uthree .Uthree", "false", true},
1182	{"gt .Uthree .Ufour", "false", true},
1183	{"gt .Ufour .Uthree", "true", true},
1184	{"ge 1.5 1.5", "true", true},
1185	{"ge 1.5 2.5", "false", true},
1186	{"ge 2.5 1.5", "true", true},
1187	{"ge 1 1", "true", true},
1188	{"ge 1 2", "false", true},
1189	{"ge 2 1", "true", true},
1190	{"ge `xy` `xy`", "true", true},
1191	{"ge `xy` `xyz`", "false", true},
1192	{"ge `xyz` `xy`", "true", true},
1193	{"ge .Uthree .Uthree", "true", true},
1194	{"ge .Uthree .Ufour", "false", true},
1195	{"ge .Ufour .Uthree", "true", true},
1196	// Mixing signed and unsigned integers.
1197	{"eq .Uthree .Three", "true", true},
1198	{"eq .Three .Uthree", "true", true},
1199	{"le .Uthree .Three", "true", true},
1200	{"le .Three .Uthree", "true", true},
1201	{"ge .Uthree .Three", "true", true},
1202	{"ge .Three .Uthree", "true", true},
1203	{"lt .Uthree .Three", "false", true},
1204	{"lt .Three .Uthree", "false", true},
1205	{"gt .Uthree .Three", "false", true},
1206	{"gt .Three .Uthree", "false", true},
1207	{"eq .Ufour .Three", "false", true},
1208	{"lt .Ufour .Three", "false", true},
1209	{"gt .Ufour .Three", "true", true},
1210	{"eq .NegOne .Uthree", "false", true},
1211	{"eq .Uthree .NegOne", "false", true},
1212	{"ne .NegOne .Uthree", "true", true},
1213	{"ne .Uthree .NegOne", "true", true},
1214	{"lt .NegOne .Uthree", "true", true},
1215	{"lt .Uthree .NegOne", "false", true},
1216	{"le .NegOne .Uthree", "true", true},
1217	{"le .Uthree .NegOne", "false", true},
1218	{"gt .NegOne .Uthree", "false", true},
1219	{"gt .Uthree .NegOne", "true", true},
1220	{"ge .NegOne .Uthree", "false", true},
1221	{"ge .Uthree .NegOne", "true", true},
1222	{"eq (index `x` 0) 'x'", "true", true}, // The example that triggered this rule.
1223	{"eq (index `x` 0) 'y'", "false", true},
1224	{"eq .V1 .V2", "true", true},
1225	{"eq .Ptr .Ptr", "true", true},
1226	{"eq .Ptr .NilPtr", "false", true},
1227	{"eq .NilPtr .NilPtr", "true", true},
1228	{"eq .Iface1 .Iface1", "true", true},
1229	{"eq .Iface1 .NilIface", "false", true},
1230	{"eq .NilIface .NilIface", "true", true},
1231	{"eq .NilIface .Iface1", "false", true},
1232	{"eq .NilIface 0", "false", true},
1233	{"eq 0 .NilIface", "false", true},
1234	{"eq .Map .Map", "true", true},        // Uncomparable types but nil is OK.
1235	{"eq .Map nil", "true", true},         // Uncomparable types but nil is OK.
1236	{"eq nil .Map", "true", true},         // Uncomparable types but nil is OK.
1237	{"eq .Map .NonNilMap", "false", true}, // Uncomparable types but nil is OK.
1238	// Errors
1239	{"eq `xy` 1", "", false},                // Different types.
1240	{"eq 2 2.0", "", false},                 // Different types.
1241	{"lt true true", "", false},             // Unordered types.
1242	{"lt 1+0i 1+0i", "", false},             // Unordered types.
1243	{"eq .Ptr 1", "", false},                // Incompatible types.
1244	{"eq .Ptr .NegOne", "", false},          // Incompatible types.
1245	{"eq .Map .V1", "", false},              // Uncomparable types.
1246	{"eq .NonNilMap .NonNilMap", "", false}, // Uncomparable types.
1247}
1248
1249func TestComparison(t *testing.T) {
1250	b := new(strings.Builder)
1251	var cmpStruct = struct {
1252		Uthree, Ufour    uint
1253		NegOne, Three    int
1254		Ptr, NilPtr      *int
1255		NonNilMap        map[int]int
1256		Map              map[int]int
1257		V1, V2           V
1258		Iface1, NilIface fmt.Stringer
1259	}{
1260		Uthree:    3,
1261		Ufour:     4,
1262		NegOne:    -1,
1263		Three:     3,
1264		Ptr:       new(int),
1265		NonNilMap: make(map[int]int),
1266		Iface1:    b,
1267	}
1268	for _, test := range cmpTests {
1269		text := fmt.Sprintf("{{if %s}}true{{else}}false{{end}}", test.expr)
1270		tmpl, err := New("empty").Parse(text)
1271		if err != nil {
1272			t.Fatalf("%q: %s", test.expr, err)
1273		}
1274		b.Reset()
1275		err = tmpl.Execute(b, &cmpStruct)
1276		if test.ok && err != nil {
1277			t.Errorf("%s errored incorrectly: %s", test.expr, err)
1278			continue
1279		}
1280		if !test.ok && err == nil {
1281			t.Errorf("%s did not error", test.expr)
1282			continue
1283		}
1284		if b.String() != test.truth {
1285			t.Errorf("%s: want %s; got %s", test.expr, test.truth, b.String())
1286		}
1287	}
1288}
1289
1290func TestMissingMapKey(t *testing.T) {
1291	data := map[string]int{
1292		"x": 99,
1293	}
1294	tmpl, err := New("t1").Parse("{{.x}} {{.y}}")
1295	if err != nil {
1296		t.Fatal(err)
1297	}
1298	var b strings.Builder
1299	// By default, just get "<no value>"
1300	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, data)
1301	if err != nil {
1302		t.Fatal(err)
1303	}
1304	want := "99 <no value>"
1305	got := b.String()
1306	if got != want {
1307		t.Errorf("got %q; expected %q", got, want)
1308	}
1309	// Same if we set the option explicitly to the default.
1310	tmpl.Option("missingkey=default")
1311	b.Reset()
1312	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, data)
1313	if err != nil {
1314		t.Fatal("default:", err)
1315	}
1316	want = "99 <no value>"
1317	got = b.String()
1318	if got != want {
1319		t.Errorf("got %q; expected %q", got, want)
1320	}
1321	// Next we ask for a zero value
1322	tmpl.Option("missingkey=zero")
1323	b.Reset()
1324	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, data)
1325	if err != nil {
1326		t.Fatal("zero:", err)
1327	}
1328	want = "99 0"
1329	got = b.String()
1330	if got != want {
1331		t.Errorf("got %q; expected %q", got, want)
1332	}
1333	// Now we ask for an error.
1334	tmpl.Option("missingkey=error")
1335	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, data)
1336	if err == nil {
1337		t.Errorf("expected error; got none")
1338	}
1339	// same Option, but now a nil interface: ask for an error
1340	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, nil)
1341	t.Log(err)
1342	if err == nil {
1343		t.Errorf("expected error for nil-interface; got none")
1344	}
1345}
1346
1347// Test that the error message for multiline unterminated string
1348// refers to the line number of the opening quote.
1349func TestUnterminatedStringError(t *testing.T) {
1350	_, err := New("X").Parse("hello\n\n{{`unterminated\n\n\n\n}}\n some more\n\n")
1351	if err == nil {
1352		t.Fatal("expected error")
1353	}
1354	str := err.Error()
1355	if !strings.Contains(str, "X:3: unterminated raw quoted string") {
1356		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", str)
1357	}
1358}
1359
1360const alwaysErrorText = "always be failing"
1361
1362var alwaysError = errors.New(alwaysErrorText)
1363
1364type ErrorWriter int
1365
1366func (e ErrorWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
1367	return 0, alwaysError
1368}
1369
1370func TestExecuteGivesExecError(t *testing.T) {
1371	// First, a non-execution error shouldn't be an ExecError.
1372	tmpl, err := New("X").Parse("hello")
1373	if err != nil {
1374		t.Fatal(err)
1375	}
1376	err = tmpl.Execute(ErrorWriter(0), 0)
1377	if err == nil {
1378		t.Fatal("expected error; got none")
1379	}
1380	if err.Error() != alwaysErrorText {
1381		t.Errorf("expected %q error; got %q", alwaysErrorText, err)
1382	}
1383	// This one should be an ExecError.
1384	tmpl, err = New("X").Parse("hello, {{.X.Y}}")
1385	if err != nil {
1386		t.Fatal(err)
1387	}
1388	err = tmpl.Execute(io.Discard, 0)
1389	if err == nil {
1390		t.Fatal("expected error; got none")
1391	}
1392	eerr, ok := err.(ExecError)
1393	if !ok {
1394		t.Fatalf("did not expect ExecError %s", eerr)
1395	}
1396	expect := "field X in type int"
1397	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), expect) {
1398		t.Errorf("expected %q; got %q", expect, err)
1399	}
1400}
1401
1402func funcNameTestFunc() int {
1403	return 0
1404}
1405
1406func TestGoodFuncNames(t *testing.T) {
1407	names := []string{
1408		"_",
1409		"a",
1410		"a1",
1411		"a1",
1412		"Ӵ",
1413	}
1414	for _, name := range names {
1415		tmpl := New("X").Funcs(
1416			FuncMap{
1417				name: funcNameTestFunc,
1418			},
1419		)
1420		if tmpl == nil {
1421			t.Fatalf("nil result for %q", name)
1422		}
1423	}
1424}
1425
1426func TestBadFuncNames(t *testing.T) {
1427	names := []string{
1428		"",
1429		"2",
1430		"a-b",
1431	}
1432	for _, name := range names {
1433		testBadFuncName(name, t)
1434	}
1435}
1436
1437func testBadFuncName(name string, t *testing.T) {
1438	t.Helper()
1439	defer func() {
1440		recover()
1441	}()
1442	New("X").Funcs(
1443		FuncMap{
1444			name: funcNameTestFunc,
1445		},
1446	)
1447	// If we get here, the name did not cause a panic, which is how Funcs
1448	// reports an error.
1449	t.Errorf("%q succeeded incorrectly as function name", name)
1450}
1451
1452func TestBlock(t *testing.T) {
1453	const (
1454		input   = `a({{block "inner" .}}bar({{.}})baz{{end}})b`
1455		want    = `a(bar(hello)baz)b`
1456		overlay = `{{define "inner"}}foo({{.}})bar{{end}}`
1457		want2   = `a(foo(goodbye)bar)b`
1458	)
1459	tmpl, err := New("outer").Parse(input)
1460	if err != nil {
1461		t.Fatal(err)
1462	}
1463	tmpl2, err := Must(tmpl.Clone()).Parse(overlay)
1464	if err != nil {
1465		t.Fatal(err)
1466	}
1467
1468	var buf strings.Builder
1469	if err := tmpl.Execute(&buf, "hello"); err != nil {
1470		t.Fatal(err)
1471	}
1472	if got := buf.String(); got != want {
1473		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
1474	}
1475
1476	buf.Reset()
1477	if err := tmpl2.Execute(&buf, "goodbye"); err != nil {
1478		t.Fatal(err)
1479	}
1480	if got := buf.String(); got != want2 {
1481		t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want2)
1482	}
1483}
1484
1485func TestEvalFieldErrors(t *testing.T) {
1486	tests := []struct {
1487		name, src string
1488		value     any
1489		want      string
1490	}{
1491		{
1492			// Check that calling an invalid field on nil pointer
1493			// prints a field error instead of a distracting nil
1494			// pointer error. https://golang.org/issue/15125
1495			"MissingFieldOnNil",
1496			"{{.MissingField}}",
1497			(*T)(nil),
1498			"can't evaluate field MissingField in type *template.T",
1499		},
1500		{
1501			"MissingFieldOnNonNil",
1502			"{{.MissingField}}",
1503			&T{},
1504			"can't evaluate field MissingField in type *template.T",
1505		},
1506		{
1507			"ExistingFieldOnNil",
1508			"{{.X}}",
1509			(*T)(nil),
1510			"nil pointer evaluating *template.T.X",
1511		},
1512		{
1513			"MissingKeyOnNilMap",
1514			"{{.MissingKey}}",
1515			(*map[string]string)(nil),
1516			"nil pointer evaluating *map[string]string.MissingKey",
1517		},
1518		{
1519			"MissingKeyOnNilMapPtr",
1520			"{{.MissingKey}}",
1521			(*map[string]string)(nil),
1522			"nil pointer evaluating *map[string]string.MissingKey",
1523		},
1524		{
1525			"MissingKeyOnMapPtrToNil",
1526			"{{.MissingKey}}",
1527			&map[string]string{},
1528			"<nil>",
1529		},
1530	}
1531	for _, tc := range tests {
1532		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
1533			tmpl := Must(New("tmpl").Parse(tc.src))
1534			err := tmpl.Execute(io.Discard, tc.value)
1535			got := "<nil>"
1536			if err != nil {
1537				got = err.Error()
1538			}
1539			if !strings.HasSuffix(got, tc.want) {
1540				t.Fatalf("got error %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
1541			}
1542		})
1543	}
1544}
1545
1546func TestMaxExecDepth(t *testing.T) {
1547	if testing.Short() {
1548		t.Skip("skipping in -short mode")
1549	}
1550	tmpl := Must(New("tmpl").Parse(`{{template "tmpl" .}}`))
1551	err := tmpl.Execute(io.Discard, nil)
1552	got := "<nil>"
1553	if err != nil {
1554		got = err.Error()
1555	}
1556	const want = "exceeded maximum template depth"
1557	if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
1558		t.Errorf("got error %q; want %q", got, want)
1559	}
1560}
1561
1562func TestAddrOfIndex(t *testing.T) {
1563	// golang.org/issue/14916.
1564	// Before index worked on reflect.Values, the .String could not be
1565	// found on the (incorrectly unaddressable) V value,
1566	// in contrast to range, which worked fine.
1567	// Also testing that passing a reflect.Value to tmpl.Execute works.
1568	texts := []string{
1569		`{{range .}}{{.String}}{{end}}`,
1570		`{{with index . 0}}{{.String}}{{end}}`,
1571	}
1572	for _, text := range texts {
1573		tmpl := Must(New("tmpl").Parse(text))
1574		var buf strings.Builder
1575		err := tmpl.Execute(&buf, reflect.ValueOf([]V{{1}}))
1576		if err != nil {
1577			t.Fatalf("%s: Execute: %v", text, err)
1578		}
1579		if buf.String() != "<1>" {
1580			t.Fatalf("%s: template output = %q, want %q", text, &buf, "<1>")
1581		}
1582	}
1583}
1584
1585func TestInterfaceValues(t *testing.T) {
1586	// golang.org/issue/17714.
1587	// Before index worked on reflect.Values, interface values
1588	// were always implicitly promoted to the underlying value,
1589	// except that nil interfaces were promoted to the zero reflect.Value.
1590	// Eliminating a round trip to interface{} and back to reflect.Value
1591	// eliminated this promotion, breaking these cases.
1592	tests := []struct {
1593		text string
1594		out  string
1595	}{
1596		{`{{index .Nil 1}}`, "ERROR: index of untyped nil"},
1597		{`{{index .Slice 2}}`, "2"},
1598		{`{{index .Slice .Two}}`, "2"},
1599		{`{{call .Nil 1}}`, "ERROR: call of nil"},
1600		{`{{call .PlusOne 1}}`, "2"},
1601		{`{{call .PlusOne .One}}`, "2"},
1602		{`{{and (index .Slice 0) true}}`, "0"},
1603		{`{{and .Zero true}}`, "0"},
1604		{`{{and (index .Slice 1) false}}`, "false"},
1605		{`{{and .One false}}`, "false"},
1606		{`{{or (index .Slice 0) false}}`, "false"},
1607		{`{{or .Zero false}}`, "false"},
1608		{`{{or (index .Slice 1) true}}`, "1"},
1609		{`{{or .One true}}`, "1"},
1610		{`{{not (index .Slice 0)}}`, "true"},
1611		{`{{not .Zero}}`, "true"},
1612		{`{{not (index .Slice 1)}}`, "false"},
1613		{`{{not .One}}`, "false"},
1614		{`{{eq (index .Slice 0) .Zero}}`, "true"},
1615		{`{{eq (index .Slice 1) .One}}`, "true"},
1616		{`{{ne (index .Slice 0) .Zero}}`, "false"},
1617		{`{{ne (index .Slice 1) .One}}`, "false"},
1618		{`{{ge (index .Slice 0) .One}}`, "false"},
1619		{`{{ge (index .Slice 1) .Zero}}`, "true"},
1620		{`{{gt (index .Slice 0) .One}}`, "false"},
1621		{`{{gt (index .Slice 1) .Zero}}`, "true"},
1622		{`{{le (index .Slice 0) .One}}`, "true"},
1623		{`{{le (index .Slice 1) .Zero}}`, "false"},
1624		{`{{lt (index .Slice 0) .One}}`, "true"},
1625		{`{{lt (index .Slice 1) .Zero}}`, "false"},
1626	}
1627
1628	for _, tt := range tests {
1629		tmpl := Must(New("tmpl").Parse(tt.text))
1630		var buf strings.Builder
1631		err := tmpl.Execute(&buf, map[string]any{
1632			"PlusOne": func(n int) int {
1633				return n + 1
1634			},
1635			"Slice": []int{0, 1, 2, 3},
1636			"One":   1,
1637			"Two":   2,
1638			"Nil":   nil,
1639			"Zero":  0,
1640		})
1641		if strings.HasPrefix(tt.out, "ERROR:") {
1642			e := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(tt.out, "ERROR:"))
1643			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), e) {
1644				t.Errorf("%s: Execute: %v, want error %q", tt.text, err, e)
1645			}
1646			continue
1647		}
1648		if err != nil {
1649			t.Errorf("%s: Execute: %v", tt.text, err)
1650			continue
1651		}
1652		if buf.String() != tt.out {
1653			t.Errorf("%s: template output = %q, want %q", tt.text, &buf, tt.out)
1654		}
1655	}
1656}
1657
1658// Check that panics during calls are recovered and returned as errors.
1659func TestExecutePanicDuringCall(t *testing.T) {
1660	funcs := map[string]any{
1661		"doPanic": func() string {
1662			panic("custom panic string")
1663		},
1664	}
1665	tests := []struct {
1666		name    string
1667		input   string
1668		data    any
1669		wantErr string
1670	}{
1671		{
1672			"direct func call panics",
1673			"{{doPanic}}", (*T)(nil),
1674			`template: t:1:2: executing "t" at <doPanic>: error calling doPanic: custom panic string`,
1675		},
1676		{
1677			"indirect func call panics",
1678			"{{call doPanic}}", (*T)(nil),
1679			`template: t:1:7: executing "t" at <doPanic>: error calling doPanic: custom panic string`,
1680		},
1681		{
1682			"direct method call panics",
1683			"{{.GetU}}", (*T)(nil),
1684			`template: t:1:2: executing "t" at <.GetU>: error calling GetU: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference`,
1685		},
1686		{
1687			"indirect method call panics",
1688			"{{call .GetU}}", (*T)(nil),
1689			`template: t:1:7: executing "t" at <.GetU>: error calling GetU: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference`,
1690		},
1691		{
1692			"func field call panics",
1693			"{{call .PanicFunc}}", tVal,
1694			`template: t:1:2: executing "t" at <call .PanicFunc>: error calling call: test panic`,
1695		},
1696		{
1697			"method call on nil interface",
1698			"{{.NonEmptyInterfaceNil.Method0}}", tVal,
1699			`template: t:1:23: executing "t" at <.NonEmptyInterfaceNil.Method0>: nil pointer evaluating template.I.Method0`,
1700		},
1701	}
1702	for _, tc := range tests {
1703		b := new(bytes.Buffer)
1704		tmpl, err := New("t").Funcs(funcs).Parse(tc.input)
1705		if err != nil {
1706			t.Fatalf("parse error: %s", err)
1707		}
1708		err = tmpl.Execute(b, tc.data)
1709		if err == nil {
1710			t.Errorf("%s: expected error; got none", tc.name)
1711		} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantErr) {
1712			if *debug {
1713				fmt.Printf("%s: test execute error: %s\n", tc.name, err)
1714			}
1715			t.Errorf("%s: expected error:\n%s\ngot:\n%s", tc.name, tc.wantErr, err)
1716		}
1717	}
1718}
1719
1720func TestFunctionCheckDuringCall(t *testing.T) {
1721	tests := []struct {
1722		name    string
1723		input   string
1724		data    any
1725		wantErr string
1726	}{{
1727		name:    "call nothing",
1728		input:   `{{call}}`,
1729		data:    tVal,
1730		wantErr: "wrong number of args for call: want at least 1 got 0",
1731	},
1732		{
1733			name:    "call non-function",
1734			input:   "{{call .True}}",
1735			data:    tVal,
1736			wantErr: "error calling call: non-function .True of type bool",
1737		},
1738		{
1739			name:    "call func with wrong argument",
1740			input:   "{{call .BinaryFunc 1}}",
1741			data:    tVal,
1742			wantErr: "error calling call: wrong number of args for .BinaryFunc: got 1 want 2",
1743		},
1744		{
1745			name:    "call variadic func with wrong argument",
1746			input:   `{{call .VariadicFuncInt}}`,
1747			data:    tVal,
1748			wantErr: "error calling call: wrong number of args for .VariadicFuncInt: got 0 want at least 1",
1749		},
1750		{
1751			name:    "call too few return number func",
1752			input:   `{{call .TooFewReturnCountFunc}}`,
1753			data:    tVal,
1754			wantErr: "error calling call: function .TooFewReturnCountFunc has 0 return values; should be 1 or 2",
1755		},
1756		{
1757			name:    "call too many return number func",
1758			input:   `{{call .TooManyReturnCountFunc}}`,
1759			data:    tVal,
1760			wantErr: "error calling call: function .TooManyReturnCountFunc has 3 return values; should be 1 or 2",
1761		},
1762		{
1763			name:    "call invalid return type func",
1764			input:   `{{call .InvalidReturnTypeFunc}}`,
1765			data:    tVal,
1766			wantErr: "error calling call: invalid function signature for .InvalidReturnTypeFunc: second return value should be error; is bool",
1767		},
1768		{
1769			name:    "call pipeline",
1770			input:   `{{call (len "test")}}`,
1771			data:    nil,
1772			wantErr: "error calling call: non-function len \"test\" of type int",
1773		},
1774	}
1775
1776	for _, tc := range tests {
1777		b := new(bytes.Buffer)
1778		tmpl, err := New("t").Parse(tc.input)
1779		if err != nil {
1780			t.Fatalf("parse error: %s", err)
1781		}
1782		err = tmpl.Execute(b, tc.data)
1783		if err == nil {
1784			t.Errorf("%s: expected error; got none", tc.name)
1785		} else if tc.wantErr == "" || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantErr) {
1786			if *debug {
1787				fmt.Printf("%s: test execute error: %s\n", tc.name, err)
1788			}
1789			t.Errorf("%s: expected error:\n%s\ngot:\n%s", tc.name, tc.wantErr, err)
1790		}
1791	}
1792}
1793
1794// Issue 31810. Check that a parenthesized first argument behaves properly.
1795func TestIssue31810(t *testing.T) {
1796	// A simple value with no arguments is fine.
1797	var b strings.Builder
1798	const text = "{{ (.)  }}"
1799	tmpl, err := New("").Parse(text)
1800	if err != nil {
1801		t.Error(err)
1802	}
1803	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, "result")
1804	if err != nil {
1805		t.Error(err)
1806	}
1807	if b.String() != "result" {
1808		t.Errorf("%s got %q, expected %q", text, b.String(), "result")
1809	}
1810
1811	// Even a plain function fails - need to use call.
1812	f := func() string { return "result" }
1813	b.Reset()
1814	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, f)
1815	if err == nil {
1816		t.Error("expected error with no call, got none")
1817	}
1818
1819	// Works if the function is explicitly called.
1820	const textCall = "{{ (call .)  }}"
1821	tmpl, err = New("").Parse(textCall)
1822	b.Reset()
1823	err = tmpl.Execute(&b, f)
1824	if err != nil {
1825		t.Error(err)
1826	}
1827	if b.String() != "result" {
1828		t.Errorf("%s got %q, expected %q", textCall, b.String(), "result")
1829	}
1830}
1831
1832// Issue 43065, range over send only channel
1833func TestIssue43065(t *testing.T) {
1834	var b bytes.Buffer
1835	tmp := Must(New("").Parse(`{{range .}}{{end}}`))
1836	ch := make(chan<- int)
1837	err := tmp.Execute(&b, ch)
1838	if err == nil {
1839		t.Error("expected err got nil")
1840	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "range over send-only channel") {
1841		t.Errorf("%s", err)
1842	}
1843}
1844
1845// Issue 39807: data race in html/template & text/template
1846func TestIssue39807(t *testing.T) {
1847	var wg sync.WaitGroup
1848
1849	tplFoo, err := New("foo").Parse(`{{ template "bar" . }}`)
1850	if err != nil {
1851		t.Error(err)
1852	}
1853
1854	tplBar, err := New("bar").Parse("bar")
1855	if err != nil {
1856		t.Error(err)
1857	}
1858
1859	gofuncs := 10
1860	numTemplates := 10
1861
1862	for i := 1; i <= gofuncs; i++ {
1863		wg.Add(1)
1864		go func() {
1865			defer wg.Done()
1866			for j := 0; j < numTemplates; j++ {
1867				_, err := tplFoo.AddParseTree(tplBar.Name(), tplBar.Tree)
1868				if err != nil {
1869					t.Error(err)
1870				}
1871				err = tplFoo.Execute(io.Discard, nil)
1872				if err != nil {
1873					t.Error(err)
1874				}
1875			}
1876		}()
1877	}
1878
1879	wg.Wait()
1880}
1881
1882// Issue 48215: embedded nil pointer causes panic.
1883// Fixed by adding FieldByIndexErr to the reflect package.
1884func TestIssue48215(t *testing.T) {
1885	type A struct {
1886		S string
1887	}
1888	type B struct {
1889		*A
1890	}
1891	tmpl, err := New("").Parse(`{{ .S }}`)
1892	if err != nil {
1893		t.Fatal(err)
1894	}
1895	err = tmpl.Execute(io.Discard, B{})
1896	// We expect an error, not a panic.
1897	if err == nil {
1898		t.Fatal("did not get error for nil embedded struct")
1899	}
1900	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "reflect: indirection through nil pointer to embedded struct field A") {
1901		t.Fatal(err)
1902	}
1903}
1904